Triangular slave trade free essay sample

Circumstances and end results of the Triangular Trade on Africa Citizens around the globe realize little history with respect to subjugation and slave exchange notwithstanding the way that slaves were African Americans who worked for nothing as well as were dealt with frightfully, numerous people do not have the information on how servitude was begun and incredibly affected districts of the world. The Triangular exchange was an exchanging strategy built up by the Europeans many years back. Its alluded to as the Triangular Trade since it comprises of exchange with Africa, America, and Europe making a triangular course of exchange. This framework was created to satisfy the requirements of each coo section and to get industrialized. The Triangular Trade caused extraordinary complexity and affected Africa from multiple points of view. On the primary leg Of the excursion European vendors went to Africa to exchange their family unit merchandise return for an ideal number of slaves, Then sent the captives to America on what was known was the Middle Passage where they were sold for money and purchased tobacco, rum, sugar and cotton back to Europe where these items were sold for extraordinary benefits. We will compose a custom exposition test on Triangular slave exchange or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This exchanging technique was exceptionally effective on the grounds that African Americans previously rehearsed bondage in Africa and America was sought after for workers to work the sugar stick estates and make benefit exchanging the completed item to Europe. The Middle Passage was the phase of the triangular exchange which a huge number of individuals from Africa were transported to the New World as a major aspect of the Atlantic slave exchange (Middle Passage,Wisped). This was regularly viewed as the principal leg of the excursion. European dealers cruised to Africa with made products to exchange return for a boat brimming with slaves. As time went on slave brokers turned out to be increasingly more avaricious they came to understand that the more slaves hello can crush on board the bigger their benefits will be. Without any respects to the slaves who were frequently observed as property, they had to be firmly pressed on a boat where they were sent to America as though they were freight or an item. They experienced seriously poor nourishment and awful conditions all through their long excursion to America. Infections, disorders and poor conditions were the fundamental benefactors of the genuinely huge death paces of African Americans on these boats. The absolute number of African passings straightforwardly owing to the Middle Passage journey is assessed at up to 2,000,000; a peruser take a gander at Africans passings legitimately owing to the organization of subjugation from 1500 to 1900 recommends up to 4,000,000 African passings (Middle Passage,Wisped). About portion of the passings of Africans during the long pe riods of subjugation happened on the journey. The measure of passings and the measure of Africans who were sent to America brought about an enormous diminishing in Africans populace. As the slave exchange proceeded with viciousness started to develop quickly all through Africa. Savagery was caused mostly because of the popularity of work required in America. In spite of the fact that they previously rehearsed bondage among their own kin, Africans never mulled over how they were going to flexibly such enormous amounts of captives to the Americas over the long haul. Sure enough as time went on Africans started coming up short on detainees of war and started making war among clans so as to bring in cash. Between Communal wars pursued to acquire slaves were strongly ruinous of human lives (Oversimplifications). The idea of the Africans at the time was that on the off chance that they didnt sell enough slaves they would not bring in cash and advantage from exchange considering the measure of time which went before it had been abrogated. This was apparently all they knew at that point and didnt figure all together about how they could all the more productively exchange and benefit without the utilization of slaves. You could just envision the defilement that went on among Africans at the time.The consistent dread that went through their heads on an everyday premise thinking about whether they would stay free or even make it to see tomorrow. These African slave exchange wars affected Africans social, social, and monetary advancement from a wide range of angles. Rather than attempting to function as a nation to turn out to be progressively complex and created hello got diverted the slave exchange truth they did the specific inverse and gave their own kin as workers for American plantations.This was one basic explanation that prompted the a work in progress of African culture is as yet thought to be an issue today significantly after a few ages have passed. Prejudice has been a wide spread issue in various territories around the globe and everlastingly changed the picture of explicit races. It is commonly known as the conviction where a prevalent race predominantly controls or rules a mediocre rac e. The slave exchange dealt a huge number of captives to America and is fundamentally expansible for the preference perspective on African Americans in American culture. As frameworks of subjugation varied broadly, so did the level of opportunity allowed previous slaves (Nice Slate). Significantly after the slave exchange reached a conclusion, previous slaves despite everything suffered rights on what they may or may not be able to. America confronted a significant stretch of isolation in later years. Highly contrasting neighborhoods were isolated just as clinical administrations, instructive chance, business openings, and transportation benefits all in view of that they are viewed as the minority.Blacks simply needed to be dealt with approach and satisfy the fantasy about being allowed to do whatever it is that they pick however consistently appear to miss the mark regarding these chances. In the nineteen century a correction was made expressing that all people are made equivalent whic h didnt appear to be all that convincing as a result of the isolation of races. Despite the fact that this helped fairly to reestablish request and shut down the event of racial violations and maltreatment toward the individuals of Africa. Americans utilized rather aberrant approaches to shield Africans from accomplishing social rights by forcing education tests for the individuals who needed to vote.Knowing blacks were fairly uneducated the American council caught up with the plan to shield backs from having a state in government. Prejudice has been passed down several years because of the slave exchange and still exists right up 'til the present time. Africa was influenced financially, strategically, and socially by various impacts yet one progressively specific was known as the triangular slave. Europe planned the possibility of the slave exchange which divert kept Africa from seeking after in the improvement in those couple of exact territories which had negative outcomes on the industrialization in Africa. Triangular Slave Trade free exposition test The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade started around the mid-fifteenth century when Portuguese interests in Africa moved away from the famous stores of gold to a substantially more promptly accessible product slaves. By the seventeenth century the exchange was going full bore, arriving at a top towards the finish of the eighteenth century. It was an exchange which was particularly productive, since each phase of the excursion could be gainful for dealers the scandalous triangular exchange. For what reason did the Trade Begin?Expanding European realms in the New World needed one significant asset a work power. As a rule the indigenous people groups had demonstrated temperamental (the vast majority of them were biting the dust from infections brought over from Europe), and Europeans were unsuited to the atmosphere and endured under tropical maladies. Africans, then again, were incredible specialists: they regularly had understanding Of farming and keeping dairy cattle, they were utilized to a tropical atmosphere, impervious to tropical ailments, and they could be buckled down on manors or in mines. We will compose a custom paper test on Triangular Slave Trade or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Was Slavery New to Africa?Africans had been exchanged as slaves for a considerable length of time - ? arriving at Europe by means of the Islamic-run, trans-Sahara, exchange courses. Slaves acquired from the Muslim commanded North African coast anyway end up being excessively accomplished to be trusted and tended to resistance. See The Role of Islam in African Slavery for increasingly about Slavery in Africa before the Trans-Atlantic Trade started. Servitude was additionally a customary piece of African culture different states and realms in Africa worked at least one of the accompanying: asset subjugation, obligation subjugation, constrained work, and serfdom.See Types of Slavery in Africa for additional on this point. What was the Triangular Trade? [pica]llama: @ Alistair Body-Evans. Authorized to About. Com, Inc. Each of the three takes of the Triangular Trade (named for the unpleasant shape it makes on a guide) demonstrated rewarding for vendors. The main phase of the Triangular Trade included taking made merchandise from Europe to Africa: material, soul, tobacco, dots, cowries shells, metal products, and weapons. The firearms were utilized to help grow domains and get more slaves (until they were at long last utilized against European colon seizers).These merchandise were traded for African slaves. The second phase of the Triangular Trade (the center entry) included transportation the captives to the Americas. The third, and last, phase of the Triangular Trade included the arrival to Europe with the produce from the slave-work manors: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum. Cause of African Slaves Sold in the Triangular Trade [pica]llama: O Alistair Body-Evans. Authorized to About. Com, Inc. Slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave exchange were at first sourced in Sexagenarian and the Windward Coast.Around 1 650 the exchange moved to west-focal Africa (the Kingdom of the Kong and neighboring Angola). The vehicle of slaves from Africa to the Americas frames the center entry of the triangular exchange. A few unmistakable locales can be distinguished along the est. African coast, these ar

idustry essays

idustry expositions The European scene toward the start of the eighteenth century is entirely different than it is today. Thickly populated urban communities in nations, for example, England and France were just homestead towns 200 years prior. What caused what used to be developed open fields to transform into crowded towns? These inquiry would all be able to be replied and clarified by the Industrial Revolution. The word transformation suggests a suddenness of progress that isn't, actually, normal for monetary procedures. Be that as it may, the expression Industrial Revolution has for some time been utilized by history specialists and shares become installed for all intents and purpose discourse (Ashton 2). A transformation inferred by history specialists is only a difference in the old way, not really a quick change, or a brutal topple. Britains Industrial Revolution doesn't have set dates. It is said that Englands Industrial Revolution started around 1780 with Britains prosperous states and growing Atlantic economy. A few pundits guarantee that there wasnt a modern insurgency, and some test the naming of the period. In Phyllis Deanes book, The First Industrial Revolution, she plots three central matters in which an economy which encountered a modern upset contrasts from its pre-industrialized partner. This paper will utilize Deanes three primary concerns and demonstrate that there was an unrest and the planning and naming are on the whole fitting. In Deanes book, the main point is mechanical and social structure. Notwithstanding the urban improvement related with trade and industry, the number of inhabitants in Europe was still overwhelmingly country in 1750. Agribusiness was the main control of the mind larger part of the individuals. Every family raised their own food and the materials for their garments, for example, fleece, cloth, and calfskin, and made sure about materials for building, furniture, and fuel from the public waste or timberland (Dietz 12). By 1850, Britain was unquestionably industrialized in ... <!

College Admission Essays about Moving TKG

College Admission Essays about Moving The goal of the essay is to tell a story that illuminates something new about you to the admissions committee. Many students take this as an opportunity to try and get deep. Students frequently write about tragedy or major, life-altering obstacles they’ve faced. Some students choose to write about how they’ve grappled with something like addiction or disease. While those experiences are valid, there is a whole separate section just for them. This essay is not the appropriate platform. The trouble with writing about, well, trouble, is that one often falls short of connecting with the anonymous readers, and the whole point if the exercise is to connect with those very people.  Similarly, writing an essay about moving can miss the mark. Essays are supposed to demonstrate growth. Moving is an obvious way to demonstrate that you grew or made a change in some capacity. But the problem is, this topic is sometimes too obvious. We love essays whose stories are set against an everyday, ru n of the mill backdrop. We find that those are the essays that allow peoples’ personality traits to shine through, whereas more dramatic tellings just focus on the details of a given circumstance. However, a story about moving from one home to another is just too run of the mill. The point of the essay is to demonstrate a character trait. If moving houses is the only circumstance in which you experienced growth or exhibited a characteristic, you’re not digging deep enough. Another issue with the ‘moving’ essay is that it often has the unfortunate byproduct of revealing privilege. If you talk about moving as though it was some big challenge to overcome, the reader will also assume you haven’t faced much adversity in your life. We want to stress, once more, that this does not mean you should fish around for an ostensibly sympathy-invoking obstacle. On the contrary, you should sooner write about your drive to school or your desk at home. The ‘moving’ bit can also flag pri vilege by highlighting details. If you end up mentioning the neighborhood in which you grew up, the size of your house, the fact that you had a great big yard as a kid, or any other seemingly minor detail, you could end up sounding like a snob. The Exception to the Rule  There are, however, a few cases in which writing about your move is a good idea. If moving has actually been a central theme of your life, it’s fair game. One of our kids was born in the Philippines. By the time she was 14 she had moved to Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong, New Jersey, and New York City. But it should be noted that her story didn’t follow the old “I moved a lot. It was really hard. I grew,” narrative. It was about how she kept certain things consistent from place-to-place to stay grounded and avoid going crazy. As an artist, drawing is what helped stabilize her. As a result, she grew to love art and became very dedicated to her craft.  As we’ve mentioned time and time again, you need to convey a personality trait. Part of our student’s essay showed how close she was to her family, and in turn, herself. Most kids have moved from house-to-house or state- to-state. That trite arc tends to have the most obvious takeaways and metaphors. The thing that made our kid’s work was that she wanted to convey her own internal stability as a personality trait throughout the chaos. It wasn’t about the places in which she moved at all. It was all about her, and ultimately, the traits she developed to maintain consistency in her life. She was adaptable and stable, and able to remain still when the world around her moved. Those things shone through and they were crystal clear.    Need help figuring out which school is right for you? Call us. We help students match with their dream schools.

Pros And Cons Of Motivation Interviewing - 1598 Words

Partnership Milenia Hernandez University of Louisville Introduction Motivation interviewing is a counseling technique designed to lower resistance and to increase change while using a casual conversational style in which a non-directive approach is recommended. It has been proven that individuals are willing to change when they are free of judgment and when the ideas and solutions about changing come from themselves. The role of a motivational interviewing counselor is to elicit change talk through the use of conversational therapy, in which he/she is required to employ high quality of listening, to trust the client’s knowledge of him/herself, and to avoid any judgmental behavior or opinion. This style also requires a high level of†¦show more content†¦The first and second coding show that I asked 16 open-ended questions vs. 8 close-ended questions. In a such a short time, I believe I asked more questions that it was necessary as MI requires more listening as counselor than talking. Affirmation is another key element to encourage change talk. When using affirmations, the counselor should focus on the client’s strength, the effort they are putting into this process, it is also important to recognize and verbalize the resources and support systems they have, but recognizing and validating their emotions is of high importance as well. The first interview demonstrates the lack of practice using affirmations, however I showed improvement during the second interview as it went from two to seven affirmations. I was able to utilize this skill more often during the second round demonstrating appreciation of her efforts, her emotions and feelings as well as her strengths at work. For example, recognizing her work ethic as a strength allowed me to not only empower her but to create commitment during the session for the end goal. 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The choice to change must originate with the client and the process for helping this occur begins with motivational interviewing. There are two phases within motivational interviewing, the first focuses on increasing the client’s motivation to change and the second phase is negotiating a plan and consolidating commitment. It is importantRead MoreThe Rolling Stone Uva Rape Story996 Words   |  4 Pagesof publishing the Rolling Stone UVA rape story. The three theories used to examine more closely the ethical decision the editor had when publishing the story are Kantian perspective, virtue ethics and the Utilitarianism approach, as well as the pros and cons of the situation. Had the story she published been a completely true story it could have shown a light on UVA to perhaps help Jackie and many others that have been victims of sexual assaults and help to prevent future attacks. 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A person who appears to be stuck in the precontemplation stage of change may not be ready for the benefits that can arise from motivational interviewing methods (Rollnick, Miller Butler, 2008). It is therefore imperative that the

Biography of Joseph Stalin, Dictator of Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin (December 18, 1878–March 5, 1953) was an important leader in the Russian Revolution who became the head of the Communist Party and dictator of the Soviet state known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  (USSR). During World War II he maintained an uneasy alliance with the United States and Great Britain to fight Nazi Germany, but he dropped any illusions of friendship after the war. As Stalin sought to expand communism throughout Eastern Europe and around the world, he helped spark the Cold War and the subsequent arms race. Fast Facts: Joseph Stalin Known For: Bolshevik leader, Russian revolutionary, Head of the Communist Party in Russia and Dictator of the USSR (1927–1953)Born: December 18, 1878 (official date: December 21, 1879) in Gori, Georgia  Parents: Vissarion Dzhugasvhil and Ekaterina Georgievna GeadzeDied:  March 5, 1953 in Kuntsevo Dacha, RussiaEducation: Gori Church School (1888–1894), Tiflis Theological Seminary (1894–1899)Publications:  Collected WorksSpouse(s): Ekaterina Svanidze (1885–1907, married 1904–1907), Nadezhda Sergeevna Allilueva (1901–1932, m. 1919–1932)  Children: With Ekaterina: Yakov Iosifovich Dzhugashvili (1907–1943); With Nadezhda: Vasily (1921–1962) Svetlana Iosefovna Allilueva (1926–2011)Notable Quote: â€Å"A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.† Early Life Joseph Stalin was born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in Gori, Georgia (a region annexed by Russia in 1801) on December 6, 1878, by the Julian calendar then in use; using the modern calendar, that converts to December 18, 1878. He later claimed his official birthdate as December 21, 1879. He was the third son of four children born to Ekaterina Georgievna Geadze (Keke) and Vissarion (Beso) Djugashvili, but he was the only one to survive past infancy. Stalin’s parents had a turbulent marriage, with Beso often beating his wife and son. Part of their marital strife came from their very different ambition for their son. Keke recognized that Soso, as Joseph Stalin was known as a child, was highly intelligent and wanted him to become a Russian Orthodox priest; thus, she made every effort to get him an education. On the other hand, Beso, who was a cobbler, felt that working-class life was good enough for his son. Education The argument came to a head when Stalin was 12 years old. Beso, who had moved to Tiflis (the capital of Georgia) to find work, came back and took Stalin to the factory where he worked so that Stalin could become an apprentice cobbler. This was the last time Beso would assert his vision for Stalins future. With help from friends and teachers, Keke got Stalin back and once again got him on the path to attend seminary. After this incident, Beso refused to support either Keke or his son, effectively ending the marriage. Keke supported Stalin by working as a laundress, though she later secured a job at a womens clothing shop. Keke was right to note Stalins intellect, which soon became apparent to his teachers. Stalin excelled in school and earned a scholarship to the Tiflis Theological Seminary in 1894. However, there were signs that Stalin was not destined for the priesthood. Prior to entering the seminary, Stalin was not only a choirboy, but also the ruthless leader of a street gang. Notorious for his cruelty and use of unfair tactics, Stalin’s gang dominated the rough streets of Gori. Stalin as a Young Revolutionary Joseph Stalins 1912 arrest card. Hulton Archive / Getty Images While at the seminary, Stalin discovered the works of Karl Marx. He joined the local socialist party and soon his interest in overthrowing Czar Nicholas II and the monarchical system outstripped any desire he might have had to be a priest. Stalin dropped out of school just a few months shy of graduating to become a revolutionary, giving his first public speech in 1900. After having joined the revolutionary underground, Stalin went into hiding using the alias â€Å"Koba.† Nevertheless, the police captured Stalin in 1902 and exiled him to Siberia for the first time in 1903. When free from prison, Stalin continued to support the revolution and helped organize peasants in the 1905 Russian Revolution against Czar Nicholas II. Stalin would be arrested and exiled seven times and escape six times between 1902 and 1913. Between getting arrested, Stalin married Ekaterine Svanidze, a sister of a classmate from seminary, in 1904. They had one son, Yacov, before Ekaterine died of typhus in 1907. Yacov was raised by his mothers parents until he was reunited with Stalin in 1921 in Moscow, though the two were never close. Yacov would be among the millions of Russian casualties of World War II. Vladimir Lenin Stalins commitment to the party intensified when he met Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, head of the Bolsheviks in 1905. Lenin recognized Stalins potential and encouraged him. After that, Stalin held the Bolsheviks in any way he could, including committing several robberies to raise funds. Because Lenin was in exile, Stalin took over as editor of Pravda, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, in 1912. That same year, Stalin was appointed to the Bolsheviks Central Committee, cementing his role as a key figure in the Communist movement. The Name Stalin While writing for the revolution while still in exile in 1912, Stalin first signed an article Stalin, which translates to steel man, for the power it connotes. This would continue to be a frequent pen name and, after the successful Russian Revolution in October 1917, his surname. (Stalin would continue to use aliases throughout the rest of his life, though the world would know him as Joseph Stalin.) 1917 Russian Revolution Stalin missed much of the activity leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917 because he was exiled to Siberia from 1913–1917. Upon his release in March 1917, Stalin resumed his role as a Bolshevik leader. By the time he was reunited with Lenin, who also returned to Russia a few weeks after Stalin, Czar Nicholas II had already abdicated as part of the February Russian Revolution. With the czar deposed, the provisional government was in charge. The October 1917 Russian Revolution Lenin and Stalin, however, wanted to topple the provisional government and install a communist one controlled by the Bolsheviks. Feeling that the country was ready for another revolution, Lenin and the Bolsheviks began a nearly bloodless coup on October 25, 1917. In just two days, the Bolsheviks had taken over Petrograd, the capital of Russia, and thus became the leaders of the country. Not everyone was happy with the Bolsheviks ruling the country, however. Russia was thrust immediately into civil war as the Red Army (the Bolshevik forces) battled the White Army (made up of various anti-Bolshevik factions). The Russian Civil War lasted until 1921. In 1921, the White Army was defeated, leaving Lenin, Stalin and Leon Trotsky as the dominant figures in the new Bolshevik government. Although Stalin and Trotsky were rivals, Lenin appreciated their distinct abilities and promoted both. Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin in 1919. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Trotsky was far more popular than Stalin, so Stalin was given the less public role of general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. A persuasive orator, Trotsky maintained a visible presence in foreign affairs and was perceived by many as the heir apparent. However, what neither Lenin nor Trotsky foresaw was that Stalins position allowed him to build loyalty within the Communist Party, as an essential factor in his eventual takeover. Head of the Communist Party Tensions between Stalin and Trotsky increased when Lenins health began to fail in 1922 with the first of several strokes, raising the difficult question of who would be Lenin’s successor. From his sickbed, Lenin had advocated for shared power and maintained this vision until his death on January 21, 1924. Ultimately, Trotsky was no match for Stalin because Stalin had spent his years in the party building loyalty and support. By 1927, Stalin had effectively eliminated all of his political rivals (and exiled Trotsky) to emerge as the head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Five Year Plans, Famine Stalins willingness to use brutality to achieve political aims was well established by the time he took power; nevertheless, the Soviet Union (as it was known after 1922) was unprepared for the extreme violence and oppression that Stalin unleashed in 1928. This was the first year of Stalins Five Year Plan, a radical attempt to bring the Soviet Union into the industrial age. In the name of Communism, Stalin seized assets, including farms and factories, and reorganized the economy. However, these efforts often led to less efficient production, ensuring that mass starvation swept the countryside. To mask the disastrous results of the plan, Stalin maintained export levels, shipping food out of the country even as rural residents died by the hundreds of thousands. Any protest of his policies resulted in immediate death or relocation to a gulag (a prison camp in the remote regions of the nation). The first Five Year Plan (1928–1932) was declared completed a year early and the second Five Year Plan (1933–1937) was launched with equally disastrous results. A third Five Year began in 1938 but was interrupted by World War II in 1941. While the efforts were unmitigated disasters, Stalin’s policy forbidding any negative publicity led to the full consequences of these upheavals remaining hidden for decades. To many who were not directly impacted, the Five Year Plans appeared to exemplify Stalins proactive leadership. Cult of Personality Joseph Stalin with a child who was later sent to a labor camp. Henry Guttmann Collection / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Stalin is also known for building an unprecedented cult of personality. Presenting himself as a paternal figure watching over his people, Stalins image and actions could not have been more distinct. While paintings and statues of Stalin kept him in the public eye, Stalin also promoted himself by aggrandizing his past through tales of his childhood and his role in the revolution. However, with millions of people dying, statues and tales of heroics could only go so far. Thus, Stalin made it a policy that showing anything less than complete devotion was punishable by exile or death. Going beyond that, Stalin eradicated any form of dissent or competition. No Outside Influences, No Free Press Not only did Stalin readily arrest anyone remotely suspected of having a different view, but he also closed religious institutions and confiscated church lands during his reorganization of the Soviet Union. Books and music that were not to Stalins standards were banned as well, virtually eliminating the possibility of outside influences. No one was allowed to say a negative thing against Stalin, especially the press. No news of the death and devastation in the countryside was leaked to the public; only news and images that presented Stalin in a flattering light were allowed. Stalin also famously changed the name of the city of Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad in 1925 to honor the city for its role in the Russian civil war. Second Wife and Family In 1919, Stalin married Nadezhda (Nadya) Alliluyeva, his secretary and fellow Bolshevik. Stalin had become close with Nadyas family, many of whom were active in the revolution and would go on to hold important positions under Stalin’s government. The young revolutionary captivated Nadya and together they would have two children: a son Vasily in 1921 and a daughter Svetlana in 1926. As carefully as Stalin controlled his public image, he could not escape the criticism of his wife Nadya, one of the few bold enough to stand up to him. Nadya often protested his deadly policies and found herself at the receiving end of Stalins verbal and physical abuse. While their marriage began with mutual affection, Stalins temperament and alleged affairs contributed greatly to Nadyas depression. After Stalin berated her particularly harshly at a dinner party, Nadya committed suicide on November 9, 1932. The Great Terror Despite Stalin’s attempts to eradicate all dissent, some opposition emerged, particularly among party leaders who understood the devastating nature of Stalin’s policies. Nevertheless, Stalin was reelected in 1934. This election made Stalin keenly aware of his critics and he soon began to eliminate anyone he perceived as opposition, including his most substantial political rival Sergi Kerov. Kerov was assassinated in 1934 and Stalin, who most believe was responsible, used Kerovs death to extol the dangers of the anti-communist movement and tighten his grip on Soviet politics. Thus began the period known as the Great Terror. Few leaders have culled their ranks as dramatically as Stalin did during the Great Terror of the 1930s. He targeted members of his cabinet and government, soldiers, clergy, intellectuals, or anyone else he deemed suspect. Those seized by his secret police would be tortured, imprisoned, or killed (or a combination of these experiences). Stalin was indiscriminate in his targets, and top government and military officials were not immune from prosecution. In fact, the Great Terror eliminated many key figures from the government. During the Great Terror, widespread paranoia reigned among citizens, who were encouraged to turn each other in. Those captured often pointed fingers at neighbors or co-workers in hopes of saving their own lives. Farcical show trials publicly confirmed the guilt of the accused and ensured that family members of those accused would remain socially ostracized—if they managed to evade arrest. The military was particularly decimated by the Great Terror since Stalin perceived a military coup as the greatest threat. With World War II on the horizon, this purging of the military leadership would later prove a severe detriment to the Soviet Union’s military effectiveness. While the estimates of death tolls vary greatly, the lowest numbers credit Stalin with killing 20 million people during the Great Terror alone. Beyond being one of the greatest examples of state-sponsored murder in history, the Great Terror demonstrated Stalins obsessive paranoia and willingness to prioritize it over national interests. Stalin and Hitler Sign a Non-Aggression Pact The non-aggression pact signed between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Hulton Archive / Getty Images By 1939, Adolf Hitler was a powerful threat to Europe and Stalin could not help but be concerned. While Hitler was opposed to communism and had little regard for Eastern Europeans, he appreciated that Stalin represented a formidable force and the two signed a non-aggression pact in 1939. After Hitler drew the rest of Europe into war in 1939, Stalin pursued his own territorial ambition in the Baltic region and Finland. Although many warned Stalin that Hitler intended to break the pact (as he had with other European powers), Stalin was surprised when Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, a full-scale invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Stalin Joins the Allies When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin joined the Allied powers, which included Great Britain (led by Sir Winston Churchill) and later the United States (led by Franklin D. Roosevelt). Although they shared a joint enemy, the communist/capitalist rift ensured that mistrust characterized the relationship. However, before the Allies could come help, the German army swept eastward through the Soviet Union. Initially, some Soviet residents were relieved when the German army invaded, thinking that German rule had to be an improvement over Stalinism. Unfortunately, the Germans were merciless in their occupation and ravaged the territory they conquered. Scorched Earth Policy Stalin, who was determined to stop the German army’s invasion at any cost, employed a scorched earth policy. This entailed burning all farms fields and villages in the path of the advancing Germany army to prevent German soldiers from living off the land. Stalin hoped that, without the ability to pillage, the German army’s supply line would run so thin that the invasion would be forced to stop. Unfortunately, this scorched earth policy also meant the destruction of the homes and livelihoods of Russian people, creating massive numbers of homeless refugees. It was the harsh Soviet winter that really slowed down the advancing Germany army, leading to some of the bloodiest battles of World War II. However, to force a German retreat, Stalin needed greater assistance. Although Stalin began to receive American equipment in 1942, what he really wanted was Allied troops deployed to the Eastern Front. The fact that this never happened infuriated Stalin and increased the resentment between Stalin and his allies. Nuclear Weapons and the End of the War Another rift in the relationship between Stalin and the Allies came when the United States secretly developed the nuclear bomb. The mistrust between the Soviet Union and the United States was obvious when the U.S. refused to share the technology with the Soviet Union, causing Stalin to launch his own nuclear weapons program. With supplies provided by the Allies, Stalin was able to turn the tide at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and forced the retreat of the German army. With the tide turned, the Soviet army continued to push the Germans all the way back to Berlin, ending World War II in Europe in May 1945. The Cold War Begins Once World War II ended, the task of rebuilding Europe remained. While the United States and the United Kingdom sought stability, Stalin had no desire to cede the territory he had conquered during the war. Therefore, Stalin claimed the territory he had liberated from Germany as part of the Soviet empire. Under Stalin’s tutelage, Communist parties took control of each country’s government, cut off all communication with the West, and became official Soviet satellite states. While the Allies were unwilling to launch a full-scale war against Stalin, U.S. President Harry Truman recognized that Stalin could not go unchecked. In response to Stalins domination of Eastern Europe, Truman issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947, in which the United States pledged to help nations at risk of being overtaken by communists. It was immediately enacted to thwart Stalin in Greece and Turkey, which would ultimately remain independent throughout the Cold War. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift Stalin again challenged the Allies in 1948 when he attempted to seize control of Berlin, a city that had been divided among the victors of World War II. Stalin had already seized East Germany and severed it from the West as part of his post-war conquest. Hoping to claim the entire capital, which was located entirely within East Germany, Stalin blockaded the city in an attempt to force the other Allies to abandon their sectors of Berlin. However, determined to not give in to Stalin, the U.S. organized a nearly year-long airlift that flew massive amounts of supplies into West Berlin. These efforts rendered the blockade ineffective and Stalin finally ended the blockade on May 12, 1949. Berlin (and the rest of Germany) remained divided. This division ultimately manifested in the creation of the Berlin Wall in 1961 during the height of the Cold War. While the Berlin Blockade was the last major military confrontation between Stalin and the West, Stalin’s policies and attitude toward the West would continue as Soviet policy even after Stalin’s death. This competition between the Soviet Union and the United States escalated during the Cold War to the point where nuclear war seemed imminent. The Cold War ended only with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Death Joseph Stalins body lying in state. Keystone / Getty Images In his final years, Stalin tried to reshape his image to that of a man of peace. He turned his attention to rebuilding the Soviet Union and invested in many domestic projects, such as bridges and canals—most, however, were never completed. While he was writing his Collected Works in an attempt to define his legacy as an innovative leader, evidence suggests that Stalin was also working on his next purge, an attempt to eliminate the Jewish population that remained in Soviet territory. This never came to pass since Stalin suffered a stroke on March 1, 1953, and died four days later. Stalin maintained his cult of personality even after his death. Like Lenin before him, Stalin’s body was embalmed and put on public display. In spite of the death and destruction he inflicted upon those he ruled, Stalin’s death devastated the nation. The cult-like loyalty he inspired remained, although it would dissipate in time. Legacy It took several years for the Communist party to replace Stalin; in 1956, Nikita Khrushchev took over. Khrushchev broke the secrecy regarding Stalin’s atrocities and led the Soviet Union in a period of de-Stalinization, which included beginning to account for the catastrophic deaths under Stalin and acknowledging the flaws in his policies. It wasn’t an easy process for the Soviet people to break through Stalin’s cult of personality to see the real truths of his reign. The estimated numbers of dead are staggering. The secrecy regarding those â€Å"purged† has left millions of Soviet citizens wondering the exact fate of their loved ones. With these new-found truths about Stalin’s reign, it was time to stop revering the man who had murdered millions. Pictures and statues of Stalin were gradually removed, and in 1961 the city of Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. Stalins body, which had lain next to Lenin’s for nearly eight years, was removed from the mausoleum in October 1961. Stalin’s body was buried nearby, surrounded by concrete so that it could not be moved again. Sources Rappaport, Helen. Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999.Radzinsky, Edvard. Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russias Secret Archives. New York: Doubleday, 1996.Service, Robert. Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2005.

Lower Legal Drinking Age Essays - 1249 Words

Since the states increased their drinking age to 21 in 1987, every citizen of this country between the ages of 18 and 20 have been oppressed by the very people elected to power to protect their rights. It is evident that the legal drinking age among Americans should be lowered to the legal age of adulthood, 18 years. At this age, any American can marry without their Parent’s approval and can move out of their guardian’s house and live on their own. Why are these adults deprived of their right to consume alcohol? A police officer unexpectedly arrived at a party where many young adults were drinking alcoholic beverages. He asked to see two young gentlemen’s identification to prove that they were of legal age to be consuming. Both were†¦show more content†¦Is it plausible to assume that these adults are going to just give up their civil liberties so easily? â€Å"An examination of East Carolina University students intentions regarding their behavior follow ing passage of the 21-year-age drinking law revealed that only 6% intended to stop drinking, 70% planned to change their drinking location, 21% expected to use a false or borrowed identification to obtain alcohol and 22% intended to use other drugs† (Hanson, â€Å"The Legal Drinking Age† par. 4). The current law is simply not feasible. It infringes upon millions of American’s constitutional rights while inadvertently increasing the amount of alcohol that is consumed, and offering a proposed solution that clearly will not be achieved. Others have proposed that it might be more acceptable and reasonable to allow people within the ages 18 and 20 to drink only when in the presence of their legal guardians, but this is obviously not realistic in the least. No parent can be held responsible for their son or daughter to any further extent when they become a legal adult. Changing the minimum drinking age to 18 is the only honest and justifiable resolution that will be re ached. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper’s intention is not to argue thatShow MoreRelatedThe United States Should Lower the Legal Drinking Age to Eighteen1930 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States’ minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of twenty one is almost a perfect example of a policy with unrealistic expectations and serious unintended consequences. The current policy that the United States has in effect criminalizes youth who consume alcohol at less than twenty one years of age. Young adults are going to drink under twenty one, so why shouldn’t the United States lower the MLDA to eighteen? Following Prohibition in 1933, many states made their MLDA twenty one. During theRead MoreIts Time To Lower the Legal Drinking Age Essay example2055 Words   |  9 Pagesthere have been many deaths due to alcohol. If it w ere not for the lack of education of alcohol abuse, many of the accidents could be prevented. The U.S’s biggest problem that Americans are facing is underage drinking. In our society we see many young teenagers that begin to drink at an early age of 10. They want to experience it without knowing the health risk factors that are associated with alcohol. There are many problems occurring because of alcohol abuse. In America the misuse of alcohol causesRead MoreWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pagesthat lower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking ageRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 Pagesthat binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the drinking age wi ll not stop binge drinking and the adverseRead MoreDo not Lower the Legal Drinking Age825 Words   |  3 Pagesinfringing on personal rights. It’s regarding whether the legal drinking age should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. This has been a huge controversy geared exclusively towards college students due to the fact that alcohol consumption at universities is the definitive part of campus life even though the greater part of students are not legally permitted to drink. It is apparent that through the regularity and risks of binge drinking across universities and the high percentage of DUI and alcoholRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pagestheir own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural a nd social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust because of many reasons. One of the most prominent reasons is that it is an ex-post facto law. The legal drinkingRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreBinge Drinking vs the Drinking Age Essays829 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 March 13, 2013 Binge Drinking VS the Drinking Age Presidents of college campuses around the nation face issues of underage drinking and binge drinking on a regular basis and realizes that it is a danger and a problem. â€Å"Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of death in the U.S., a major contributing factor to unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for youths and young adults, and accounts for an estimated 75,000 or more deaths in the United States annually† (WechslerRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be 18957 Words   |  4 Pages On the topic of the appropriate legal drinking ago, I stand firm on the belief that the legal drinking age should be 18. In every other aspect in America, an 18 year old person is considered an adult, legally and morally. So why aren’t these adults allowed to legally drink? 18 year old adults are permitted live on their own, vote, gamble, purchase cigarettes, and fight in a war. There is not denying the fact that teenagers are exposed to drinking prior to t heir 18th birthday, and many drinkRead MoreIncrease in the Legal Drinking Age870 Words   |  3 PagesAnother reason why the legal drinking age was changed is because of the fact that the adolescent brain is not fully developed; it is supposed that â€Å"excessive alcohol intake causes brain damage† in teens. However, in order for damage to occur, the drinking has to be extremely excessive. If there are only a few of these extreme bingeing â€Å"episodes,† they do no harm to the adolescent brain (Minimum Drinking Age). David J. Hanson, a professor at the University of New York at Potsdam, states, â€Å"There’s

Indigenous Health for Mixed Blood- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Healthfor Mixed Blood. Answer: Introduction The aboriginal people were the first Australians or the indigenous Australians who made their way in to the native land of Australia through the waterways. These people were found to be deep rooted to their culture or land and were found to have a strong spiritual connection. They would mostly gather their food from fishing and hunting habits. However, with the advent of the British in 1768, the aboriginal people had to go through a massacre. It resulted in a destruction of their race and culture by removing them forcibly out of the land, which once belonged to them. The aboriginal people had to lose their lands, which envisaged the beginning of a tumultuous civilization for them. The current assignment discusses the question pertaining to higher success rates of aboriginal people with mixed blood. Success rate of aboriginal people with mixed blood The current decade has seen higher number of people with mixed blood and with higher success rates. Statistical analysis and reports from the 2006 census have suggested that 52% of aboriginal men and 55% aboriginal women have parents from different nationalities. This provides a number of advantages to the Australian aboriginal people with mixed origin. The rates have been lower in indigenous Australians settled in the rural areas compared to the ones exposed to the city way of life. As commented by Sushames et al. (2016, p.129), the rate of cross-cultural exchange was more in the cities compared to the rural areas. This helped in the mixing of the people from different races along with the establishment of a new civilization. However, the rates were found to be low in Queensland, Western Australia and northern territory. As commented by Lobo et al. (2015, p.399), only aboriginal people with high qualifications were more prone to settle in the cities and were likely to marry within c ross cultures. A number of benefits as well as limitations were encountered by the mixed race aboriginal Australians. The mixed couple have been found to be in a better economic position than the indigenous Australians due to high qualifications and better job opportunities. As commented by Carlson (2016, p.29), the cross-cultural connections provides them with an upper hand in dealing with the cultural paradoxes and settling for more genuine and practical reasons. However as argued by Hickey (2016, p.51), difficulty in identifying with any one culture can often have a profound effect on their way of life. As commented by Currie et al. (2013, p.7), presence of traits of a particular genetic disease in one of the parents can result in serious health implications in the generations to come. However, the Australian aboriginal people with mixed blood have more chances of being successful in their career compared to others. This is because they have better exposure to the basic amenities in life such as health, education among other factors. As commented by Kelaher et al. (2014, p.45), such mixed people have better educational forums available to them which reciprocates into higher success rates. Moreover, they have a better health amenity, which provides them with better cope up and survival strategies. The question here analyses the factors contributing to the high success rates of the mixed culture aboriginal group. The question rightly pinpoints towards the various factors, which might play a contributory factor in the success rates of the aboriginal mixed culture groups. Some of the dominating factor includes better education and better job opportunities. However, the question provides a rather one-sided overview of the present discrimination culture within the Australian mainland. It fails to take into consideration the constitutional laws or arrangements which forms a basis for such discrimination. Social discrimination in aboriginal culture The Australians of aboriginal races have been exposed to social discrimination ever since the advent of the British. The advent of the British in the Australian mainland brought about a huge paradigm in the colonisation pattern. This resulted in development of fierce competition for possession of landmasses, which were previously inherited by the aboriginals earlier. The discrimination, being mainly racial or cultural discrimination, where an individual in wrongly treated due to belonging to certain area, region or religion. As mentioned by Bodkin-Andrews and Carlson (2016, p.802), the discrimination often have a negative effect on the minds of the people. Most of the time the discrimination was attributed to belonging to a certain culture or talking in a distinct language. The language often promulgates in huge communication gaps resulting in intensifying the cultural barriers (Scalley et al. 2013, p.530). People can internalise the negative comments resulting in the development of stress within an individual. The stress often has much more serious consequences such as depression and suicidal behaviours in an individual. As mentioned by Walter (2016, p.25), such depressive behaviour can often propagate an individual towards much more grave issues such as alcohol and drug use. A recent study conducted have highlighted that nearly 20% of the indigenous Australians have suffered severe forms of discrimination within the workplace and other social contexts (Levinson and Hooley, 2014, p.375). Exclusion/inclusion in Australian aboriginal culture The Australian aboriginal people faced a number of inclusion and exclusion principles, which often had a profound effect on their way of life. The social exclusion could be attributed to the presence of racial discrimination present within the society. The racial discrimination often resulted in the lack of sufficient opportunities to an individual in terms of health and education. As commented by Baldry and Cunneen (2014, p.280), the social exclusion can often result in the internalization of negative feelings within an individual. This resulted in the development of cultural stereotypes, which further affected the aspect of cross-cultural communication and exchange of knowledge. However, as argued by Currie et al. (2013, p.9), the mixed aboriginal culture had much better chances of social inclusion. This could be attributed rich cultural diversity, which provided with an upper hand in establishment of effective communication interface socially. The social inclusion can open up wider decision-making platform to the Australian aboriginal culture. This can help in improving their standards of life and overall well being of an individual. Indigenous disadvantage can often result in enhanced rates of poverty in the Australian aboriginal culture. Thus, wider inclusion policies implemented by the government further helped in meeting the cultural demands and requisites of the Australian aboriginal culture. Conclusion The current study focuses on the question of the high success rate in the mixed aboriginal rate. The question emphasizes upon the different benefits and challenges faced by the Australian aboriginal mixed breed of people. The study helped in evaluating that there are a number of factors responsible for providing a better socially inclusive platform to an individual. Evidence and reports have suggested that having one of the parents from a different cultural background can provide economic as well as social advantages to the indigenous social group. Thus, social acceptance is received more easily in the second case along with better health and educational facilities. Moreover, a cross-cultural exchange helps in removing the traditional myths and fears from the minds of the aboriginal people. However, the study fails to take into consideration the various loopholes present within the constitutional policies and reforms presented by the government. The reforms helps in identification of the different areas where there is a need to implement more equipped policies and frameworks. The betterment of life of the Australian aboriginal culture can be further guaranteed with the help of mainstream inclusion of the mixed classes. References Baldry, E. and Cunneen, C., (2014). Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,47(2), pp.276-298. Bodkin-Andrews, G. and Carlson, B., (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education.Race Ethnicity and Education,19(4), pp.784-807. Carlson, B., (2016). Positioning'part-Aboriginal'people.The Politics of Identity: Who counts as Aboriginal today?, p.29. Carlson, B., (2016). Quantifying Aboriginality by acculturation, adaptation and allegiance.The Politics of Identity: Who counts as Aboriginal today?, p.53. Currie, C.L., Wild, T.C., Schopflocher, D.P., Laing, L. and Veugelers, P., (2013). Illicit and prescription drug problems among urban Aboriginal adults in Canada: the role of traditional culture in protection and resilience.Social Science Medicine,88, pp.1-9. Hickey, S., (2016). Whats in a label: social factors and health issues for a small group of Aboriginal people born in Brisbane, Australia. Kelaher, M.A., Ferdinand, A.S. and Paradies, Y., (2014). Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities.The Medical journal of Australia,201(1), pp.44-47. Levinson, M. and Hooley, N., (2014). Supporting the learning of nomadic communities across transnational contexts: exploring parallels in the education of UK Roma Gypsies and Indigenous Australians.Research Papers in Education,29(4), pp.373-389. Lobo, R., Mascarenhas, L., Worthington, D., Bevan, J. and Mak, D.B., (2015). Evaluation of the regional nurse-supported hepatitis C shared care program in Western Australia: a mixed methods study.BMC health services research,15(1), p.399. Scalley, B., Gee, A., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Gilles, M., Jegasothy, E. and Thompson, S.C., (2016). Improving the management of acute coronary syndrome for Aboriginal and non?Aboriginal patients in a regional hospital.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(6), pp.529-534. Sushames, A., Uffelen, J.G. and Gebel, K., (2016). Do physical activity interventions in Indigenous people in Australia and New Zealand improve activity levels and health outcomes? A systematic review.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,13(1), p.129. Walter, M., (2016). Social exclusion/inclusion for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.Social Inclusion,4(1).

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What is a Motif †Definition and 10 Must-Know Examples

What is a Motif s What is a Motif? Definition and 10 Concrete Examples from Literature Let's just admit it: â€Å"What is a motif and how do you use it?† is a much less sexy question to ask than, â€Å"What’s your book about?†But it’s just as necessary. If the theme of a book is its heartbeat, then motifs in literature are the vessels that keep the blood coursing through the narrative. Among other things, motifs add depth to your writing and steer readers toward your book’s central message (assisted by other strong literary devices).In this post, we’ll look at what a motif is (and what it is not), examine motif examples in action, and explore how you can incorporate motifs into your own writing.What is a motif?A motif is a recurring narrative element with symbolic significance. If you spot a symbol, concept, or plot structure that surfaces repeatedly in the text, you’re probably dealing with a motif. Motifs  must be related to the central idea of the work and they  always end up reinforcing the author’s overal l message.But how can you tell which ones are motifs? Remember that you must be able to connect a motif to the "big ideas" in a book. Just because the narrator mentions a particular pair of shoes a few times, doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s a motif - unless the author makes a point of tying it to a bigger question of, let’s say, escape and freedom. (Don’t worry - we’ll provide more concrete motif examples in a bit!)Since they’re repeated throughout a text, motifs are also very traceable. As you're trying to figure out the motifs of a given work, it might be useful to think of them as having a trail of purposeful clues. The author plants these breadcrumbs so that the reader can better work out the ideas behind the work - and its overarching point.That brings up our next question: how do motifs relate to themes? Luckily, we've got the answer for you right here!Motifs support a book's theme How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Read post If you need help developing your characters to that point, here are some character development exercises and a free character profile template for your personal use.Option 3: FreewriteIf you’re itching to nail down your motifs before you start writing, but aren’t feeling inspired, consider freewriting. This is the practice of writing down all of your thoughts without stopping for a certain period of time - usually between 10-20 minutes.To tease out your motif, try to start off by freewriting about your theme. When you’re done, go back and see what ideas or symbols surface repeatedly in the exercises. You might be surprised at what your mind produces when the block of self-editing is removed!4. Know that motifs are here to help, not hinderLike themes, motifs are there to help you write your book (and help readers understand them)! If you let them, motifs will add a valuable layer of depth to your story. So don't be afraid of them - let the motifs come to you nat urally as you're writing or planning. You'll find that your themes will thank you for it.How do you approach motifs in your stories? Do you have any more questions or thoughts on the subject? Leave them in the comments below!

The use of DDT has been banned in the United States because of Essay

The use of DDT has been banned in the United States because of environmental damage and human health concerns. However, in malar - Essay Example (Hayes & Laws, 1991). â€Å"Estimated lethal dose for man is 500 mg/kg and in kerosene solution it’s 150 mg/kg. Woodward et al. (1944) have stated the accepted acute mean lethal dose in rats as 250 mg/kg and Gosselin et al. (1984) has mentioned that the same amount would also be fatal for human beings. Baselt (1982) has stated that DDT is comparatively alright with a lethal dose of 30 g in an adult. â€Å"Exposure to an aerosol mist containing 80 mg DDT in a room of 113 m3 on five consecutive days for two hours two times a day showed no evidence of toxic effects†. (DDT, 1990) Studies have also revealed that the young are at no greater risk than adults. The four phases of the disposition of a toxic compound to estimate its toxicity are absorption through membranes in a system, the distribution throughout the system, the excretion and elimination from the system and finally, the metabolic fate of the chemical. Absorption happens from the gastrointestinal tract and throug h inhalation. DDT can also be taken in by intact skin in oily solution. DDT gets distributed in the body and primarily affects the central nervous system causing irritability. Violent agitations might also take place but is less common than with other organ chlorine pesticides. DDT tends to get accumulated in fatty tissues along with metabolites DDD and DDE. It also gets converted to DDA and dispatched through urine. Breathing in fine DDT aerosol or dust can cause problems for the nose, throat and eyes (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Formulations of DDT dissolved in a solvent is also known to cause temporary dermatitis. In most cases, the effect is attributable to the solvent and not DDT itself. Increased urinary excretion of the more polar metabolites is generally compensated for by increased steroid biosynthesis (Gosselin et al. , 1984). ). The effects of DDT on the respiratory system are only minor compared to the effects that it has on the nervous system. Heightened salivation has been ob served in persons who consumed DDT-infested food (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Apart from vomiting, the gastrointestinal system is hardly affected in cases of extreme poisoning and Renal damage has also been observed in people to some extent. Types of Exposure and Responses associated with DDT: Food is the primary way in which the population gets exposed to DDT. And â€Å"due to its low biodegradability and high lyophilise properties, small amounts of DDT are found to have accumulated in adipose tissue. DDT tends to get stored to a lesser extent in other tissue and this amount is proportional to their neutral fat content.†(Data Sheet on Pesticides, 1976, 2.2) Almost 5000 tonnes of DDT is used every year for the control of vector-borne diseases, primarily for malaria and visceral leishmaniasis control. DDT is acknowledged as a persistent organic pollutant(POP). It gets stored in the fatty tissue of animals and humans, makes its way up the food chain and is found in high concentrations in human breast milk(biomagnification). Populations in areas close to countries which make use of DDT and in temperate regions can be indirectly affected by long-range atmospheric transport so that DDT may contaminate environments far from where it is used. Large exposures can result in vomiting. â€Å"The earliest symptoms include par aesthesia of the tongue, dizziness, tremors and vomiting. It is generally believed that long exposure to DDT and its main metabolic product DDE

Television Addict by Marie Winn Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Television Addict by Marie Winn - Assignment Example She first gives the pleasurable symptoms of television addiction, and confirms the same through a sample individual confession. In the essay, she also gives various examples of how significant television addiction influences peoples lives in more negative ways that commonly imagined by the victims themselves; an indication of how the victims sense of reality. In explicit statements, she is categorical that addicts tend to ignore all other productive activities in order to stay put in front of their screens, to which they cannot master enough strength to turn off for countless. The thesis statement of the easy can, therefore, be stated as follows: Television experience is as serious enough as any other addictions of hard drugs, for they not only activate pleasurable effects that inactive mental state of reality, but does well to destroy an individual’s worth through withdrawal from being objective in life. The author switches from discussing addiction in general terms to talking specifically about addiction to television in paragraph six. She, in fact, informs the reader more directly by stating clearly what follows in the very paragraph, that: â€Å"Let us consider television viewing in the light of the conditions that define serious addictions.† Indeed right after the statement, Winn jumps straight away to the symptoms of television viewing that makes it an addiction like those of alcohol or other drugs. To be certain, she argues that television viewing distorts the victim’s sense of reality, forcing the participant into a passive world of pleasurable mental state, to which they completely have no control over. From the point on, the author talks specifically to the readers over television addiction, more particularly with regards to the Vitim’s control ability to limit hours spent in front of television screens. Marie follows her discussion of the symptoms of television addiction with a sample

Work Within A Relevant Legal And Ethical Frame Essay Example for Free

Work Within A Relevant Legal And Ethical Frame Essay Assessment activity 1 1. Why is it necessary for employees to demonstrate, in all the work they undertake, an understanding of the legal responsibilities and obligations of the work role? It is necessary for employees to demonstrate; in all work they undertake an understanding of the legal responsibilities and obligations of the work role to support quality care. By ensuring that employees understand the legal responsibilities and obligations applicable to the workplace it becomes possible to set standards to which employees must adhere to. Key Performance Indicators should be set and agreed upon with employees so that all workers are aware of the standards expected to be performed. As a result, employees should be able to demonstrate in all work they undertake, an understanding of the legal responsibilities and obligations relevant to the organisation and to their individual work roles. 2. What are some of the areas, in community service organisations, on which legislation, regulations and statutes might impact? Community service organisations and their employees will need to comply with legislation, regulations and statutory requirements relevant to The prevention of discrimination Anti-harassment Privacy (national privacy legislation and principles) Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Freedom of information Access and equality Social justice Mandatory notification Work health and safety Early childhood education and care 3. For what reasons are laws, regulations and statutes important? Laws, regulation and statues are important because they provide employees with details information regarding company procedures and how they contribute to legislative compliance. It also promotes a workplace culture in which compliance with legislation is a high priority. It provides staff with  immediate information about changes to legislation and how the changes effect there work. It provides a forum for employees to ask questions about legislation, regulations and statutory requirements and also offers opportunities to discuss legislative requirements and compliance processes. Assessment Activity 2 1. Summarise what you consider duty of care to entail. A duty of care (in Tort Law) is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they abide to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could harm others. This means that a person acting in a caring role has a legal obligation to act in ways that protect client and that prevent foreseeable harm. It also implies a legal obligation to have thought or regard for those who might be affected by ones acts or omissions. In forefilling duty of care obligations, therefore, community service workers must know what their duty of care entails and must take steps to provide a reasonable standard of care and to ensure that through their work practice harm to others does not occur. 2. Greg worked in an out of school hours care centre. One afternoon he brought in some CDs and put one on for Alice and Amanda to listen to. They were in the gym because Greg was also watching over some older children playing badminton. Alice and Amanda got up and began dancing around energetically. They hopped, skipped, and bounced around with great joy. Suddenly Amanda fell over. The gym floor was slippery and the girls had taken off their shoes but not their tights. Was there a breach of duty of care? Explain. Greg didn’t have a breach of duty as care. Although he provided the girls with music to listen to (not to dance to) he was not supervising them close enough to notice they had got up and began to dance. Although he was watching the game of badminton he should have kept an eye on the girls regularly as they are also under his duty of care. He should have noticed them dancing energetically but all of his focus was on the badminton game. Although he told the girls to listen to the music and did not allow them to dance the girls are under his care and he should have also supervised them  closely. Assessment Activity 3 How can you evaluate your own skills and why should you do so? Anyone can evaluate their own skills by many of the following ways. Asking for positive and negative feedback from co-workers and supervisors to improve and also motivate and strive to improve. Employees must know what is expected from them including their roles, responsibilities, lines of authority and reporting procedures. By asking co-workers, supervisors or boss appropriate questions it allows you to learn more and feel confident without running any risks. Also many resources should be provided in the child care environment to help evaluate your skills. It is important to evaluate your skills so that as an employee your performance is to a high standard for the organisation. It also allows employees to know what is expected and to identify any performance problems. Evaluating your skills helps to keep the employees organised and confident. Assessment Activity 4 1. What information is normally stored in client files and what is it used for? Client data such as case assessments, past history, personal data, family details, medical notes, psychological and therapeutical assessments, recreational and leisure preferences, etc should be recorded in client files. These client files are used for appropriate authorised staff only. This information is only collected when it is directly relevant to the treatment, service or case management being offered. 2. What legislation and regulatory requirements need to be complied with when collecting client information? When collecting client information there are regulatory and legislation requirements that need to be complied. Privacy and confidentiality is dictated by law and must only be discussed within the facility by appropriately authorised staff. When the clients records are recorded each organisation will have their own method of storing client files but there are also a number of Acts, regulations, administrative circulars and resources to health information. These specify that: Agencies can only collect personal information for a lawful purpose that is  directly related to their functions, if collecting the information is necessary for or directly related to that purpose. If an agency asks people for personal information about themselves, it must tell the person or their authorised representative why it is collecting the information, whether it has legal authority to collect the information, how and by whom the information will be used. An agency must take reasonable care to check that personal information is accurate, up to date and complete before using it The agency must do its best to make sure that the information is relevant to the agency’s reason for collecting it, up to date, of high quality, complete and protected from unauthorised access. A person whose information is held by a government or a private agency has a right to expect the agency will hold it securely and will ensure that access to the information is permitted only for legitimate purposes. The individual concerned shall be entitled to have access to their records, under the principles of access dictated by the Freedom of Information Act 1982. An agency must not use personal information for any purpose other than that for which it obtained the information Assessment activity 5 Why is it necessary to seek the agreement of the client prior to providing services? Every client has their rights and it is necessary to be aware of and protect the clients rights. Clients for instance have the right to the following: Deciding whether or not to undergo medical treatment after receiving an explanation of what is involved and any associated risks Be treated with reasonable care and skill, by appropriately qualified personnel Confidentiality of information about medical conditions and treatment Receive courteous and respectful service, with no mental, physical or financial abuse Receive services that respect their dignity and privacy promotes their autonomy. Receive services from a provider who recognises their individuality, is sensitive to and responds to their needs and preferences, including those based on ethnic, spiritual, linguistic, familial and cultural factors Suitable information about the organisation/s providing the services Work with the service provider in developing a plan of service, and to participate in the review and evaluation or revision of their service plan Raise concerns or recommend changes in connection with the community services provided or in connection with policies and decisions  that affect client interests without fear of interference, coercion, discrimination or reprisal Be informed of the laws, rules and policies affecting the operation of the service with which they are interacting Confidentiality of records and personal information Assessment activity 6 1. Draw on the text and your own experience to explain the ways in which organisational policies and procedures can assist with the provision of services A policy is a high level, overall plan embracing the general goals and expectations of an institution or organisation. These policies assist with the provision of services as they are a statement that guides behaviour and sets general parameters related to how the business will be conducted and to what is expected of employees. For example – at my work a child developed hand, foot and mouth and we didn’t know the incubation period. We checked the policy and it told us exactly how long, what it will look like when it isn’t contagious and we will need a medical clearance from the doctor. We were able to refer to the policy to advise and inform the parents on this information. Procedures are the documented instructions on how policies should be practically applied. These procedures assist with the provision of services as it involves staff rosters, managing crisis situations, managing workplace programs and timetable management systems, coping with emergencies, conducting team meetings, administrative systems of the workplace including filing and record keeping, and staff security and safety procedures for responding to physical violence. For example, at my work we have the nappy procedures on the wall above the nappy change area. This reminds all workers and especially casuals of our expectations and procedures of changing each child’s nappies. 2. Why is it necessary that employees perform work according to the policies, procedures and protocols of the organisation for which they work? Policies, protocols and procedures include guidelines and practices developed to address legal, ethical and regulatory requirements. Each organisation has written policy and staff need to know how to access and interpret this documentation and why it is necessary to comply with the different policies and procedures. A policy is seen as a guideline rather than a rule and staff  must comply to these for the safety and wellbeing of the children and adults. It is necessary that employees know what is expected of them and must consistently behave in a manner that supports the organisations policies, protocols and procedures. Following these policies, protocols and procedures also ensures a consistent high level of service to all clients. This will contribute to the organisations reputation and credibility. Clients will know what to expect from the service and will be able to interact on the appropriate levels. Assessment activity 7 1. What are some useful questions that might be asked when reviewing and evaluating existing organisational policies, procedures and protocols? Some useful questions that might be asked when reviewing and evaluating existing organisational policies, procedures and protocols include What is the aim and purpose of the policy, procedure or protocol? What is it attempting to address (eg improve safety, make staff aware of required service standards)? How is its current effectiveness measured? How current is the existing policy on which procedures and protocols are based? How relevant are the policies, procedures and protocols to issues being faced by the organisation, its clients, staff and/or organisation? Are there clear and direct links between the policies and operational procedures? Have organisational policies been disseminated to all staff? When policies were first written, what research was carried out and are the findings still available? What current research or best practice information might improve/ change or impact on the policy content and application and on the associated development of procedures and protocols? 2. For what reasons is it necessary to periodically assess and evaluate policies? It is necessary to periodically assess and evaluate policies to determine whether they are being adhered to and whether they continue to be relevant to the organisation and its clients. Where policies are no longer relevant, outdated or not used then they might need revision. Also due to changing conditions it can be necessary to implement new policies and procedures. 3. Why should staff be involved in reviews and contribute to the  development of new policies, procedures and protocols? Employee’s should also contribute and involve themselves to any policies and procedures that they think are necessary. Each of their opinions should be contributed to the development of reviewing policies, procedures and protocols. Each employee’s voice and insight should be heard and respected. Assessment activity 8 1. What information enables employees to work within their position specifications, role responsibilities and scope of practice? The particular job specifications for each employee outlined in broad terms, (enables employees to work within their position specifications, role responsibilities and scope of practise) the employees role, tasks and relationships with others in the organisation. It also outlines the employees responsibilities and obligations, required skilled levels, knowledge requirements, level of authority and decision making expectations. 3. How can you clarify your job role, scope and responsibilities? You must know what your role is and how you are expected to perform alongside the performance standards. You must understand what boundaries apply to your role and others so that you can contribute to the organisation and perform the work you are expected to do according to your position specifications and role responsibilities. Whilst some of the organisations expectations will be outlined in the job specifications or will be clarified as a result of supervisor instructions, the workplace culture will determine the non-written, informal expectations of the workplace. Other expectations will be clarified by managers and supervisors who provide training, information, instructions and support. 3. What should you do if you are in a situation where the necessary actions are beyond your scope of responsibility? Employees must have a clear understanding of the boundaries where they work. Boundaries, levels of authority and responsibilities will vary according to the job type but legal constraints will also impact on what staff can and cannot do. If you are in a situation where the necessary actions are beyond your scope of responsibility it is best to talk to a supervisor or manager as it is not your responsibility to deal with that situation legally with regards to  clients, the organisation and stakeholders. Assessment Activity 9 1. If you do not understand the task instructions you are given, what action should you take? When you do not understand the task instructions given you should seek assistance and clarification of unclear instructions in order to understand and perform tasks correctly. It is also convenient to make notes during any training so you can rely on yourself and not always others to perform these tasks. 2. You are a new graduate, recently been employed in a community centre. You have been asked to develop the next weeks leisure program for the residents in the facility. You have seen previous programs but would like to try out some new ideas. You are not sure if the program you have worked out is suitable, or whether it fits within budgetary constraints. Who would you ask and why? If I were in this situation I would ask my mentor in the facility (often boss) as they are aware of the routines within the place and the past leisure programs which have been successful and which haven’t. This mentor will be able to provide you with information to see if the budgetary constraints are available and correct and they will tell you if it is suitable. They will provide you with information of what will work well and what they think you could change. 3. Why is it important to seek clarification of unclear instructions or of instructions that you do not understand? It is extremely important to seek clarification of unclear instructions or of instructions that are not understood as they can lead to dangerous or costly mistakes. Never make assumptions in a situation that you are even the slightest unaware of as it can result dangerously. Assessment activity 10 1. Explain what is meant by equity and access Community support workers must adopt a non-discriminatory approach to care provision. They must support the principles of equity, access and social justice. This acts to support the rights on the client when delivering services to them. Equity principles acknowledge there are groups of people who have different needs due to the attributes they were born with or have  acquired and which cannot be changed. Equity legislation ensured that no group is disadvantaged (or advantaged) at the cost of another. This also means that people should also have access to quality care suitable to their individual needs. This might entail providing additional assistance to some people to meet requirements. The quality must be high in both equity and access. 2. How can community service workers protect the rights of clients? Community service workers protect the rights of clients by adopting a non-discriminatory approach to care provision. They must not discriminate clients by their age, race, gender, ethnic or cultural background, religion, sexual preference, physical of intellectual disability, medical condition, political beliefs, marital status, family circumstances or responsibilities and economic situation. The protection and preservation of these rights should be integrated into organisational policies and procedures. Clients are entitled to experience a quality of care that respects their unique attributes and caters to their individual needs in a manner that is free from prejudice and harassment. Assessment Activity 11 What actions might a community service worker take if they believe that conflict of interest exists? This might affect them directly or it might involve other staff members. Employees can be exposed to competing value systems and to ideas and expectations that are so dissimilar from their own that they are unsure of how to react and they may also be confronted with situations which comprise a conflict of interest. If a community service worker believe that conflict of interest exists they must contact your boss immediately to stop the situation from escalating. Avoid any informal discussions about it that might influence others on the matter. If you are finding it difficult seek legal advice if you feel it Is impossible to resolve this conflict. Assessment Activity 12 1. What are some of the differences you might come across when interacting with clients, customers, colleagues and workmates in a community service organisation? In a community service organisation you can come across many differences between people, their cultures and their values which can enrich  and enhance all of our lives. Some differences include knowledge, interests, customs, ethnic food, art works, retail products and customs they can incorporate into their lives. It is necessary to accept everyone’s differences and understand and comply with the legislation that has been put into place to support fairness, equity, social justice and non-discriminatory practise regardless of personal values, beliefs, attitudes and culture. This diversity can contribute to everyone’s lives, making it exciting, richer, fuller and a lot more interesting. 2. Explain what the term culture means to you. Culture to me means the quality of a particular group of people who have different behaviour patterns defined by their language, knowledge, experience, religion, beliefs, values, attitudes, music and arts. It is a group of people who have a different way of life to another group of people. These communities and cultures make everyone who they are and extend on the worlds interests. 3. Why is it so important to recognise and understand the difference between people and their cultures? It is important to recognise and understand the difference between people and their cultures because the way we look at situations is coloured by the experience we have had. We view situations through our cultural filters but our view is generally subconscious so we are not aware of the ways in which our perceptions and reactions are influenced. In the community service industry it is necessary to be aware that clients will come from a wide variety of backgrounds and as workers we need to provide services that meet the cultural and preferential needs of clients to refrain from making assumptions, based on their own perceptions, about client’s needs and preferences. They need to understand that the things they consider to be necessary or right might not be considered so by others. When providing these services it is therefore necessary that employees do not make assumptions and they make allowance for the fact that two opposite perceptions can exist. 4. List and briefly describe three strategies that an organisation might follow to ensure that the cultural and diverse needs of a client/ customer are met. To ensure that services are available to all clients regardless of personal values, beliefs, attitudes and culture community services and their employees must: Respect peoples differences and their rights to do things differently.  Imagine your own feelings when others do not respect the values which are vital in your own life. Even if in your culture a certain mode of behaviour is frowned upon it might be acceptable in another country. Respect that different cultures have food requirements due to religious reasons. Provide them with alternative foods when there is a meal they cannot have. Recognise that ethnicity and culture may have an impact on a client’s behaviour. Assist clients to become aware of their own cultural values and let them know we respect that. Allow them to incorporate their beliefs and celebrations to the society, as well as within the organisation. Assessment activity 13 1. Why do you think community service organisations should have policies and expectations regarding professional boundaries, the acceptance of gifts and ethical interactions with clients? Ethics might be defined as philosophical ideals and behaviours that are in agreement with accepted principles for right conduct. These principles, rules and expectations are determined and agreed upon by the society and communities in which people live. I believe there need to be policies and expectations regarding professional boundaries as employees must remember their relationship with their clients are proper and that these boundaries are not crossed. Clients and carers can build strong relationships with one another but the service provided to the clients must remain transparent and professional at all times. Clients can build a strong bond with their carers (more personal than professional) which can put an unaware carer into a vulnerable position. These ethical standards must also be complied with and remain professional. Acceptance of gifts is often not allowed in government organisations due to the appropriateness of the gifts. Clients can also manipulate staff by giving presents. All of these policies are an act to protect workers and their clients from not being taken advantage of and for their own protection. 2. What actions should staff take if they believe that another person is acting unethically or if they are confronted with an ethical dilemma that affects themselves? If you are in this position it is best to report the situation to avoid any further harm. Each employee should be competent to handle potential and actual problems to the level of their responsibility and within the service guidelines and procedures. Where the dispute is outside  the scope of the employee it should be further noticed to an authorised person to handle the matter. The service will have procedures designed to ensure that ethical issues can be resolved fast and efficiently and to ensure a resolution. Disputes should be resolved in a matter which is professional and within the standard requirements of the organisation and any legislative requirements. Assessment Activity 14 1. Why should client-related matters only be discussed within the confines on the facility? Client related matters should only be discussed within the confines of the facility and authorised people within the enterprise. Each organisation has specific guidelines for employees to follow regarding disclosure and confidentiality. Personal and sensitive information about a case or disclosures made by a client to the person overseeing their care should remain confidential unless there is a legal need for this disclosure – self harm. 2. How can staff in community service organisations ensure that client information is protected? Staff in community service organisations can ensure that client information is protected by agreeing to their organisations guidelines and remaining confidential. Staff must be aware that information must only be discussed in ways or places where the discussion can be overheard by unauthorised people. All client information that is collected must be documented, recorded and stored safely within the premises. To ensure all information is appropriately protected, staff can demonstrate effective application of guidelines and legal requirements relating to disclosure and confidentiality. Assessment activity 15 1. How can you encourage clients or their advocates to bring issues or concerns out into the open – to identify and express their concerns? Clients or their advocates might have complaints or grievances that need to be heard and followed up in order for them to not feel this way. To support the clients it will be necessary to help identify the real concerns or issues. Once these have been identified they can be properly expressed. Question the client using open, closed and probing questions. Paraphrase or repeat back to the client the information you receive. This enables you and the client  to agree on the meaning of the concerns. Evaluate any outcomes resulting from your action, and decide, with your client, if further action is required. 2. Why is it necessary to do this? It is necessary to bring these issues or concerns out into the open so there is no disagreement or feeling of concern with these clients or advocates. The community service workers role involves aiding and supporting the client and/or advocate so they can identify and express any concerns they might have. By assisting the client to identify and articulate their concerns, the employee and the organisation are in a position to ensure that client’s needs are met. Assessment activity 16 1. What procedures might be used to refer a client to an advocacy service? The term advocate is often applied in a legal sense to plead the case for a defendant and is another name for legal counsel in some cultures. Often an advocate will act on behalf of disadvantaged or disenfranchised groups whose rights need to be upheld. If you feel that advocacy might benefit a client it is necessary to explain to the client what is involved in the representation by an advocate and why it might be beneficial. Before making a referral the client must be consulted and agree to be represented. If that person is unable to give consent a duly authorised guardian/ family member might be called to give upon consent. Staff can then select suitable advocacy contacts for the client and can offer to contact them on the client’s behalf. The staff member making the referral might offer to attend the introductory meeting in order to support the client and make them feel more comfortable. The client must be fully informed about processes and potential outcomes. 2. Why might this be necessary? It is necessary to go through these procedures to obtain informed consent from an individual client and protect the client’s rights through legal services. If for instance, a client has a physical or intellectual disability that impedes on their communication it affects comprehension you must do everything possible to make sure the client really has given informed consent. Assessment activity 17 Describe the steps that might be followed to aid a client in using the internal complaint management process When dealing with complaints it is necessary to remain calm and not react defensively. Be polite, treat the client and their complaint with respect and demonstrate willingness to negotiate a solution. Document the conversation, store and file it so they are available when needed. Empathise with the client and try to see the issue from their point of view. This doesn’t mean you accept blame but you are willing to assist the client. Give the client a time frame and deliver answers to your questions. Listen carefully to what they tell you Check to ensure that you and the client agree on what the complaint is intended to address. Make sure the clients know that the information they disclose will be respected and that their confidentiality will be remained if appropriate. Ask the client what outcome resolution they are expecting and provide information to the client about the most effective resolution process. If you are unable to handle the complaint or make resolution decisions then it is necessary to escalate to an authorised person who can manage the situation. Follow up on the complaint to ensure that te client has been given sufficient information and is satisfied Assessment activity 18 1. What are some of the signs with financial, physical, emotional, sexual abuse and neglect? Financial – sudden inability to pay bills, unusual or unexplained withdrawals or transfer of funds between bank accounts, loans made by the client but not repaid by the borrower, coercion to make investments Physical – unexplained accidents or injuries, bruising, burns, bite marks, abrasions, rope burns or fractures. Emotional – signs of fear and anxiety, apathy, resignation, depression, withdrawal and avoidance of eye contact Sexual abuse – psychological and emotional distress symptoms Neglect – malnutrition, malnourishment, dehydration, poor hygiene or skin care, soiled clothing, and in the case of the elderly or people with a disability a lack of aids like dentures, glasses, walking frame or stick. 2. What should community service employees do if they observe such signs? Any  suspected or observed signs of potential harm to a client or a person associated with the client must be taken seriously and reported immediately. Reports should also be made if a person has suspicions or observations that lead to a reasonable belief that a person intends self-harm or suicide. All reports should be clearly indicated and then documented and filed safely in case of any further investigations. All information regarding abuse or neglect should be passed onto the people or authorised bodies to take action to remedy them. Reports could therefore be made, depending on the type of neglect or abuse, to a supervisor, manager, the police or other authorised persons. Assessment activity 19 1. What are some of the cultural differences that might impact on communication processes? Cultural differences such as language used and the forms of language used, religious affiliations, practices and beliefs, spiritual needs, education, work ethics, food choices, preferences and taboos, holiday and religious observances, family customs and holiday celebrations can impact on communication processes. It can affect communication through verbal or written and also the body language gestures and para-language that people use. When communicating with people from other cultures you have to be aware of speaking to fast or slow, using slang words, low or high volume, not listening actively, not asking questions, using inappropriate body language and gestures and/or inappropriate humour. These could become offensive to people from other cultures. 2. What are some of the strategies that might be used to overcome verbal communication difficulties in the workplace? It is necessary to learn about different cultures from which your clients come from and to learn about some of the idiosyncrasies associated with them. Some strategies to help when communicating with people from another culture is to be patient speak clearly but do not shout. Repeat yourself, speak slowly, use signage, gestures, draw diagrams or pictures etc. Use appropriate body language, para-language, gestures and facial expression will also aid the communication process and overcome communication difficulties. 3. Why might a professional interpreter be used? Interpreters are used because they are professionally trained to understand the clients situation and understand both the verbal and non-verbal communication involved. An objective interpreter will ensure that accurate communication occurs while cultural sensitivities and confidentiality are taken into account. In time of crisis or in traumatic or emotionally charged situations, second-language competency can decrease dramatically. Being able to communicate in their first language can make clients feel much more secure and comfortable and qualified interpreters are bound by strict code of ethics, therefore, they practise impartiality and their conduct is professional. 4. How should community service employees recognise and respond to religious diversity? Community service employees should recognise and respond to religious diversity as spiritually it can be an important predictor of the quality of life of individuals receiving these services. Providing for spiritual support and making them allowance for clients to practice their religion is therefore, a responsibility of the organisation. The service needs to determine whether a client embraces some form of spirituality and the ways in which they practice this. Simply asking clients which religion they belong to is not an adequate means or determining spiritual needs. Obtaining a comprehensive history that addresses these issues during the assessment will be necessary. Family and other significant people could also be consulted regarding their perception of the client’s spiritual needs. Clients might have to assist in articulating the things that are important to them personally. Spiritual advice and support for some clients can be very appreciated.