Triangular slave trade free essay sample

Circumstances and end results of the Triangular Trade on Africa Citizens around the globe realize little history with respect to subjugation and slave exchange notwithstanding the way that slaves were African Americans who worked for nothing as well as were dealt with frightfully, numerous people do not have the information on how servitude was begun and incredibly affected districts of the world. The Triangular exchange was an exchanging strategy built up by the Europeans many years back. Its alluded to as the Triangular Trade since it comprises of exchange with Africa, America, and Europe making a triangular course of exchange. This framework was created to satisfy the requirements of each coo section and to get industrialized. The Triangular Trade caused extraordinary complexity and affected Africa from multiple points of view. On the primary leg Of the excursion European vendors went to Africa to exchange their family unit merchandise return for an ideal number of slaves, Then sent the captives to America on what was known was the Middle Passage where they were sold for money and purchased tobacco, rum, sugar and cotton back to Europe where these items were sold for extraordinary benefits. We will compose a custom exposition test on Triangular slave exchange or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This exchanging technique was exceptionally effective on the grounds that African Americans previously rehearsed bondage in Africa and America was sought after for workers to work the sugar stick estates and make benefit exchanging the completed item to Europe. The Middle Passage was the phase of the triangular exchange which a huge number of individuals from Africa were transported to the New World as a major aspect of the Atlantic slave exchange (Middle Passage,Wisped). This was regularly viewed as the principal leg of the excursion. European dealers cruised to Africa with made products to exchange return for a boat brimming with slaves. As time went on slave brokers turned out to be increasingly more avaricious they came to understand that the more slaves hello can crush on board the bigger their benefits will be. Without any respects to the slaves who were frequently observed as property, they had to be firmly pressed on a boat where they were sent to America as though they were freight or an item. They experienced seriously poor nourishment and awful conditions all through their long excursion to America. Infections, disorders and poor conditions were the fundamental benefactors of the genuinely huge death paces of African Americans on these boats. The absolute number of African passings straightforwardly owing to the Middle Passage journey is assessed at up to 2,000,000; a peruser take a gander at Africans passings legitimately owing to the organization of subjugation from 1500 to 1900 recommends up to 4,000,000 African passings (Middle Passage,Wisped). About portion of the passings of Africans during the long pe riods of subjugation happened on the journey. The measure of passings and the measure of Africans who were sent to America brought about an enormous diminishing in Africans populace. As the slave exchange proceeded with viciousness started to develop quickly all through Africa. Savagery was caused mostly because of the popularity of work required in America. In spite of the fact that they previously rehearsed bondage among their own kin, Africans never mulled over how they were going to flexibly such enormous amounts of captives to the Americas over the long haul. Sure enough as time went on Africans started coming up short on detainees of war and started making war among clans so as to bring in cash. Between Communal wars pursued to acquire slaves were strongly ruinous of human lives (Oversimplifications). The idea of the Africans at the time was that on the off chance that they didnt sell enough slaves they would not bring in cash and advantage from exchange considering the measure of time which went before it had been abrogated. This was apparently all they knew at that point and didnt figure all together about how they could all the more productively exchange and benefit without the utilization of slaves. You could just envision the defilement that went on among Africans at the time.The consistent dread that went through their heads on an everyday premise thinking about whether they would stay free or even make it to see tomorrow. These African slave exchange wars affected Africans social, social, and monetary advancement from a wide range of angles. Rather than attempting to function as a nation to turn out to be progressively complex and created hello got diverted the slave exchange truth they did the specific inverse and gave their own kin as workers for American plantations.This was one basic explanation that prompted the a work in progress of African culture is as yet thought to be an issue today significantly after a few ages have passed. Prejudice has been a wide spread issue in various territories around the globe and everlastingly changed the picture of explicit races. It is commonly known as the conviction where a prevalent race predominantly controls or rules a mediocre rac e. The slave exchange dealt a huge number of captives to America and is fundamentally expansible for the preference perspective on African Americans in American culture. As frameworks of subjugation varied broadly, so did the level of opportunity allowed previous slaves (Nice Slate). Significantly after the slave exchange reached a conclusion, previous slaves despite everything suffered rights on what they may or may not be able to. America confronted a significant stretch of isolation in later years. Highly contrasting neighborhoods were isolated just as clinical administrations, instructive chance, business openings, and transportation benefits all in view of that they are viewed as the minority.Blacks simply needed to be dealt with approach and satisfy the fantasy about being allowed to do whatever it is that they pick however consistently appear to miss the mark regarding these chances. In the nineteen century a correction was made expressing that all people are made equivalent whic h didnt appear to be all that convincing as a result of the isolation of races. Despite the fact that this helped fairly to reestablish request and shut down the event of racial violations and maltreatment toward the individuals of Africa. Americans utilized rather aberrant approaches to shield Africans from accomplishing social rights by forcing education tests for the individuals who needed to vote.Knowing blacks were fairly uneducated the American council caught up with the plan to shield backs from having a state in government. Prejudice has been passed down several years because of the slave exchange and still exists right up 'til the present time. Africa was influenced financially, strategically, and socially by various impacts yet one progressively specific was known as the triangular slave. Europe planned the possibility of the slave exchange which divert kept Africa from seeking after in the improvement in those couple of exact territories which had negative outcomes on the industrialization in Africa. Triangular Slave Trade free exposition test The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade started around the mid-fifteenth century when Portuguese interests in Africa moved away from the famous stores of gold to a substantially more promptly accessible product slaves. By the seventeenth century the exchange was going full bore, arriving at a top towards the finish of the eighteenth century. It was an exchange which was particularly productive, since each phase of the excursion could be gainful for dealers the scandalous triangular exchange. For what reason did the Trade Begin?Expanding European realms in the New World needed one significant asset a work power. As a rule the indigenous people groups had demonstrated temperamental (the vast majority of them were biting the dust from infections brought over from Europe), and Europeans were unsuited to the atmosphere and endured under tropical maladies. Africans, then again, were incredible specialists: they regularly had understanding Of farming and keeping dairy cattle, they were utilized to a tropical atmosphere, impervious to tropical ailments, and they could be buckled down on manors or in mines. We will compose a custom paper test on Triangular Slave Trade or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Was Slavery New to Africa?Africans had been exchanged as slaves for a considerable length of time - ? arriving at Europe by means of the Islamic-run, trans-Sahara, exchange courses. Slaves acquired from the Muslim commanded North African coast anyway end up being excessively accomplished to be trusted and tended to resistance. See The Role of Islam in African Slavery for increasingly about Slavery in Africa before the Trans-Atlantic Trade started. Servitude was additionally a customary piece of African culture different states and realms in Africa worked at least one of the accompanying: asset subjugation, obligation subjugation, constrained work, and serfdom.See Types of Slavery in Africa for additional on this point. What was the Triangular Trade? [pica]llama: @ Alistair Body-Evans. Authorized to About. Com, Inc. Each of the three takes of the Triangular Trade (named for the unpleasant shape it makes on a guide) demonstrated rewarding for vendors. The main phase of the Triangular Trade included taking made merchandise from Europe to Africa: material, soul, tobacco, dots, cowries shells, metal products, and weapons. The firearms were utilized to help grow domains and get more slaves (until they were at long last utilized against European colon seizers).These merchandise were traded for African slaves. The second phase of the Triangular Trade (the center entry) included transportation the captives to the Americas. The third, and last, phase of the Triangular Trade included the arrival to Europe with the produce from the slave-work manors: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum. Cause of African Slaves Sold in the Triangular Trade [pica]llama: O Alistair Body-Evans. Authorized to About. Com, Inc. Slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave exchange were at first sourced in Sexagenarian and the Windward Coast.Around 1 650 the exchange moved to west-focal Africa (the Kingdom of the Kong and neighboring Angola). The vehicle of slaves from Africa to the Americas frames the center entry of the triangular exchange. A few unmistakable locales can be distinguished along the est. African coast, these ar

idustry essays

idustry expositions The European scene toward the start of the eighteenth century is entirely different than it is today. Thickly populated urban communities in nations, for example, England and France were just homestead towns 200 years prior. What caused what used to be developed open fields to transform into crowded towns? These inquiry would all be able to be replied and clarified by the Industrial Revolution. The word transformation suggests a suddenness of progress that isn't, actually, normal for monetary procedures. Be that as it may, the expression Industrial Revolution has for some time been utilized by history specialists and shares become installed for all intents and purpose discourse (Ashton 2). A transformation inferred by history specialists is only a difference in the old way, not really a quick change, or a brutal topple. Britains Industrial Revolution doesn't have set dates. It is said that Englands Industrial Revolution started around 1780 with Britains prosperous states and growing Atlantic economy. A few pundits guarantee that there wasnt a modern insurgency, and some test the naming of the period. In Phyllis Deanes book, The First Industrial Revolution, she plots three central matters in which an economy which encountered a modern upset contrasts from its pre-industrialized partner. This paper will utilize Deanes three primary concerns and demonstrate that there was an unrest and the planning and naming are on the whole fitting. In Deanes book, the main point is mechanical and social structure. Notwithstanding the urban improvement related with trade and industry, the number of inhabitants in Europe was still overwhelmingly country in 1750. Agribusiness was the main control of the mind larger part of the individuals. Every family raised their own food and the materials for their garments, for example, fleece, cloth, and calfskin, and made sure about materials for building, furniture, and fuel from the public waste or timberland (Dietz 12). By 1850, Britain was unquestionably industrialized in ... <!

College Admission Essays about Moving TKG

College Admission Essays about Moving The goal of the essay is to tell a story that illuminates something new about you to the admissions committee. Many students take this as an opportunity to try and get deep. Students frequently write about tragedy or major, life-altering obstacles they’ve faced. Some students choose to write about how they’ve grappled with something like addiction or disease. While those experiences are valid, there is a whole separate section just for them. This essay is not the appropriate platform. The trouble with writing about, well, trouble, is that one often falls short of connecting with the anonymous readers, and the whole point if the exercise is to connect with those very people.  Similarly, writing an essay about moving can miss the mark. Essays are supposed to demonstrate growth. Moving is an obvious way to demonstrate that you grew or made a change in some capacity. But the problem is, this topic is sometimes too obvious. We love essays whose stories are set against an everyday, ru n of the mill backdrop. We find that those are the essays that allow peoples’ personality traits to shine through, whereas more dramatic tellings just focus on the details of a given circumstance. However, a story about moving from one home to another is just too run of the mill. The point of the essay is to demonstrate a character trait. If moving houses is the only circumstance in which you experienced growth or exhibited a characteristic, you’re not digging deep enough. Another issue with the ‘moving’ essay is that it often has the unfortunate byproduct of revealing privilege. If you talk about moving as though it was some big challenge to overcome, the reader will also assume you haven’t faced much adversity in your life. We want to stress, once more, that this does not mean you should fish around for an ostensibly sympathy-invoking obstacle. On the contrary, you should sooner write about your drive to school or your desk at home. The ‘moving’ bit can also flag pri vilege by highlighting details. If you end up mentioning the neighborhood in which you grew up, the size of your house, the fact that you had a great big yard as a kid, or any other seemingly minor detail, you could end up sounding like a snob. The Exception to the Rule  There are, however, a few cases in which writing about your move is a good idea. If moving has actually been a central theme of your life, it’s fair game. One of our kids was born in the Philippines. By the time she was 14 she had moved to Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong, New Jersey, and New York City. But it should be noted that her story didn’t follow the old “I moved a lot. It was really hard. I grew,” narrative. It was about how she kept certain things consistent from place-to-place to stay grounded and avoid going crazy. As an artist, drawing is what helped stabilize her. As a result, she grew to love art and became very dedicated to her craft.  As we’ve mentioned time and time again, you need to convey a personality trait. Part of our student’s essay showed how close she was to her family, and in turn, herself. Most kids have moved from house-to-house or state- to-state. That trite arc tends to have the most obvious takeaways and metaphors. The thing that made our kid’s work was that she wanted to convey her own internal stability as a personality trait throughout the chaos. It wasn’t about the places in which she moved at all. It was all about her, and ultimately, the traits she developed to maintain consistency in her life. She was adaptable and stable, and able to remain still when the world around her moved. Those things shone through and they were crystal clear.    Need help figuring out which school is right for you? Call us. We help students match with their dream schools.

Pros And Cons Of Motivation Interviewing - 1598 Words

Partnership Milenia Hernandez University of Louisville Introduction Motivation interviewing is a counseling technique designed to lower resistance and to increase change while using a casual conversational style in which a non-directive approach is recommended. It has been proven that individuals are willing to change when they are free of judgment and when the ideas and solutions about changing come from themselves. The role of a motivational interviewing counselor is to elicit change talk through the use of conversational therapy, in which he/she is required to employ high quality of listening, to trust the client’s knowledge of him/herself, and to avoid any judgmental behavior or opinion. This style also requires a high level of†¦show more content†¦The first and second coding show that I asked 16 open-ended questions vs. 8 close-ended questions. In a such a short time, I believe I asked more questions that it was necessary as MI requires more listening as counselor than talking. Affirmation is another key element to encourage change talk. When using affirmations, the counselor should focus on the client’s strength, the effort they are putting into this process, it is also important to recognize and verbalize the resources and support systems they have, but recognizing and validating their emotions is of high importance as well. The first interview demonstrates the lack of practice using affirmations, however I showed improvement during the second interview as it went from two to seven affirmations. I was able to utilize this skill more often during the second round demonstrating appreciation of her efforts, her emotions and feelings as well as her strengths at work. For example, recognizing her work ethic as a strength allowed me to not only empower her but to create commitment during the session for the end goal. Motivational interviewing reflections can be simple or double-sided, both of them have the function of leading to deeper understanding ofShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Using Motivational Interviewing Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 29: Using Motivational Interviewing to Enhance Patient Behavior Change Section I: Introduction to Human Behavior Change -Patients with periodontal disease often have to change their behaviors to promote periodontal health. -This behavior change makes chronic periodontitis largely preventable. -Patients can often be resistant to the behavioral changes needed in many ways. -Dental hygienists typically approach patient education in a persuasive, direct manner offering facts about oralRead MoreAssessing A Career In Business: Project Management. Project1584 Words   |  7 Pagesmanager and determine if I am well suited for a career in project management. To achieve this goal, I will be discussing the following areas: job description, general career path, education requirements, salary, career outlook, and the pros and cons. I will also be interviewing a colleague that currently working as a project manager to gain a better understanding of typical duties associated with the role. Job Description Project management is the process of applying knowledge and skills to achieve aRead Morecase study for OB course Vetements Ltee1259 Words   |  6 Pagesthis case: 1. Individual Differences: Equity Sensitivity. 2. Limitations and Contributions of Maslow s Work. 3. Equity Theory. What type of factors will affect the outcome in this case? INTERNAL FACTORS: (within the organization) Sales staff motivation and performance. Store inventory management and merchandise. Achieving the targeted goals. Store appearance. Managers feedback on the sales staff performance. EXTERNAL FACTORS: Customers positive feedback. Customers complains. Identify 3 criteriaRead MoreCase Study Formulation Drug and Alcohol1248 Words   |  5 Pagesbe in the stage of contemplation: Although Rick’s motivation is high and he indicates legitimately wants to cease his cannabis use, he is unsure that he will actually be able to stop. Rick appears to have a low self esteem and a lack of confidence in successfully remaining abstinence from cannabis. Prochaska Prochaska (1999) argue that contemplators are very ambivalent about changing; they also evaluate the pros as about equal to the cons. This appears to ring true in Rick’s case. Rick couldRead MoreSdfkj978 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel. Her name is also Alison Owings. She also speaks German as well as English. 2. What reasons does she give for embarking upon this book project? What are her motivations and what does she hope to accomplish? She wanted to let the voices of Frau Popist’s generation be heard. Her motivations were Dr. Gordon A. Craig; he told her that it would wonderful idea if she would write a book. She hopes to accomplish that she can tell the story of the â€Å"average† women. Read MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Relapse Prevention Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthem to alcohol use (Beck et al., 1993). Motivational Interviewing Miller and Rollnick (2001) developed motivational interviewing approach in 1980s to specifically treat tobacco abuse but was also found effective in alcohol abusive clients showing resistance to behaviour changes. MI is a collaborative and evocative technique which ensures client’s autonomy (Rollnick, Miller and Butler, 2008). According to Rollnick and Miller (2008) motivation is a phenomenon that we can influence, construct and developRead MoreMotivational Interviewing : Motivation And Process1686 Words   |  7 PagesMotivational Interviewing The process of motivational interviewing is essentially about creating intrinsic motivation to change within the client (Moyers, 1998). The choice to change must originate with the client and the process for helping this occur begins with motivational interviewing. There are two phases within motivational interviewing, the first focuses on increasing the client’s motivation to change and the second phase is negotiating a plan and consolidating commitment. It is importantRead MoreThe Rolling Stone Uva Rape Story996 Words   |  4 Pagesof publishing the Rolling Stone UVA rape story. The three theories used to examine more closely the ethical decision the editor had when publishing the story are Kantian perspective, virtue ethics and the Utilitarianism approach, as well as the pros and cons of the situation. Had the story she published been a completely true story it could have shown a light on UVA to perhaps help Jackie and many others that have been victims of sexual assaults and help to prevent future attacks. The way Jackie’sRead MoreNVQ Unit 91 Enable Individuals with Be2167 Words   |  6 Pagesa massive variety of different approaches and methods when attempting to change an individual’s behaviour. We will target only a specific few that are more prevalent within today’s industry. The methods and approaches will include motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, solution-focused therapy and adult learning methods these will be the approaches and methods that I will expand upon throughout the chapter. CBT is a form of talking therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behaviourRead MoreGay Men Experience Higher Rates Of Alcoholism And Addiction Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesAwareness of the problems can be explored and allowed to surface by using motivational interviewing, MI, techniques as an intervention method. This is especially helpful when the person who is suffering may only have a small start toward contemplating making positive changes. A person who appears to be stuck in the precontemplation stage of change may not be ready for the benefits that can arise from motivational interviewing methods (Rollnick, Miller Butler, 2008). It is therefore imperative that the

Biography of Joseph Stalin, Dictator of Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin (December 18, 1878–March 5, 1953) was an important leader in the Russian Revolution who became the head of the Communist Party and dictator of the Soviet state known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  (USSR). During World War II he maintained an uneasy alliance with the United States and Great Britain to fight Nazi Germany, but he dropped any illusions of friendship after the war. As Stalin sought to expand communism throughout Eastern Europe and around the world, he helped spark the Cold War and the subsequent arms race. Fast Facts: Joseph Stalin Known For: Bolshevik leader, Russian revolutionary, Head of the Communist Party in Russia and Dictator of the USSR (1927–1953)Born: December 18, 1878 (official date: December 21, 1879) in Gori, Georgia  Parents: Vissarion Dzhugasvhil and Ekaterina Georgievna GeadzeDied:  March 5, 1953 in Kuntsevo Dacha, RussiaEducation: Gori Church School (1888–1894), Tiflis Theological Seminary (1894–1899)Publications:  Collected WorksSpouse(s): Ekaterina Svanidze (1885–1907, married 1904–1907), Nadezhda Sergeevna Allilueva (1901–1932, m. 1919–1932)  Children: With Ekaterina: Yakov Iosifovich Dzhugashvili (1907–1943); With Nadezhda: Vasily (1921–1962) Svetlana Iosefovna Allilueva (1926–2011)Notable Quote: â€Å"A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.† Early Life Joseph Stalin was born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in Gori, Georgia (a region annexed by Russia in 1801) on December 6, 1878, by the Julian calendar then in use; using the modern calendar, that converts to December 18, 1878. He later claimed his official birthdate as December 21, 1879. He was the third son of four children born to Ekaterina Georgievna Geadze (Keke) and Vissarion (Beso) Djugashvili, but he was the only one to survive past infancy. Stalin’s parents had a turbulent marriage, with Beso often beating his wife and son. Part of their marital strife came from their very different ambition for their son. Keke recognized that Soso, as Joseph Stalin was known as a child, was highly intelligent and wanted him to become a Russian Orthodox priest; thus, she made every effort to get him an education. On the other hand, Beso, who was a cobbler, felt that working-class life was good enough for his son. Education The argument came to a head when Stalin was 12 years old. Beso, who had moved to Tiflis (the capital of Georgia) to find work, came back and took Stalin to the factory where he worked so that Stalin could become an apprentice cobbler. This was the last time Beso would assert his vision for Stalins future. With help from friends and teachers, Keke got Stalin back and once again got him on the path to attend seminary. After this incident, Beso refused to support either Keke or his son, effectively ending the marriage. Keke supported Stalin by working as a laundress, though she later secured a job at a womens clothing shop. Keke was right to note Stalins intellect, which soon became apparent to his teachers. Stalin excelled in school and earned a scholarship to the Tiflis Theological Seminary in 1894. However, there were signs that Stalin was not destined for the priesthood. Prior to entering the seminary, Stalin was not only a choirboy, but also the ruthless leader of a street gang. Notorious for his cruelty and use of unfair tactics, Stalin’s gang dominated the rough streets of Gori. Stalin as a Young Revolutionary Joseph Stalins 1912 arrest card. Hulton Archive / Getty Images While at the seminary, Stalin discovered the works of Karl Marx. He joined the local socialist party and soon his interest in overthrowing Czar Nicholas II and the monarchical system outstripped any desire he might have had to be a priest. Stalin dropped out of school just a few months shy of graduating to become a revolutionary, giving his first public speech in 1900. After having joined the revolutionary underground, Stalin went into hiding using the alias â€Å"Koba.† Nevertheless, the police captured Stalin in 1902 and exiled him to Siberia for the first time in 1903. When free from prison, Stalin continued to support the revolution and helped organize peasants in the 1905 Russian Revolution against Czar Nicholas II. Stalin would be arrested and exiled seven times and escape six times between 1902 and 1913. Between getting arrested, Stalin married Ekaterine Svanidze, a sister of a classmate from seminary, in 1904. They had one son, Yacov, before Ekaterine died of typhus in 1907. Yacov was raised by his mothers parents until he was reunited with Stalin in 1921 in Moscow, though the two were never close. Yacov would be among the millions of Russian casualties of World War II. Vladimir Lenin Stalins commitment to the party intensified when he met Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, head of the Bolsheviks in 1905. Lenin recognized Stalins potential and encouraged him. After that, Stalin held the Bolsheviks in any way he could, including committing several robberies to raise funds. Because Lenin was in exile, Stalin took over as editor of Pravda, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, in 1912. That same year, Stalin was appointed to the Bolsheviks Central Committee, cementing his role as a key figure in the Communist movement. The Name Stalin While writing for the revolution while still in exile in 1912, Stalin first signed an article Stalin, which translates to steel man, for the power it connotes. This would continue to be a frequent pen name and, after the successful Russian Revolution in October 1917, his surname. (Stalin would continue to use aliases throughout the rest of his life, though the world would know him as Joseph Stalin.) 1917 Russian Revolution Stalin missed much of the activity leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917 because he was exiled to Siberia from 1913–1917. Upon his release in March 1917, Stalin resumed his role as a Bolshevik leader. By the time he was reunited with Lenin, who also returned to Russia a few weeks after Stalin, Czar Nicholas II had already abdicated as part of the February Russian Revolution. With the czar deposed, the provisional government was in charge. The October 1917 Russian Revolution Lenin and Stalin, however, wanted to topple the provisional government and install a communist one controlled by the Bolsheviks. Feeling that the country was ready for another revolution, Lenin and the Bolsheviks began a nearly bloodless coup on October 25, 1917. In just two days, the Bolsheviks had taken over Petrograd, the capital of Russia, and thus became the leaders of the country. Not everyone was happy with the Bolsheviks ruling the country, however. Russia was thrust immediately into civil war as the Red Army (the Bolshevik forces) battled the White Army (made up of various anti-Bolshevik factions). The Russian Civil War lasted until 1921. In 1921, the White Army was defeated, leaving Lenin, Stalin and Leon Trotsky as the dominant figures in the new Bolshevik government. Although Stalin and Trotsky were rivals, Lenin appreciated their distinct abilities and promoted both. Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin in 1919. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Trotsky was far more popular than Stalin, so Stalin was given the less public role of general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. A persuasive orator, Trotsky maintained a visible presence in foreign affairs and was perceived by many as the heir apparent. However, what neither Lenin nor Trotsky foresaw was that Stalins position allowed him to build loyalty within the Communist Party, as an essential factor in his eventual takeover. Head of the Communist Party Tensions between Stalin and Trotsky increased when Lenins health began to fail in 1922 with the first of several strokes, raising the difficult question of who would be Lenin’s successor. From his sickbed, Lenin had advocated for shared power and maintained this vision until his death on January 21, 1924. Ultimately, Trotsky was no match for Stalin because Stalin had spent his years in the party building loyalty and support. By 1927, Stalin had effectively eliminated all of his political rivals (and exiled Trotsky) to emerge as the head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Five Year Plans, Famine Stalins willingness to use brutality to achieve political aims was well established by the time he took power; nevertheless, the Soviet Union (as it was known after 1922) was unprepared for the extreme violence and oppression that Stalin unleashed in 1928. This was the first year of Stalins Five Year Plan, a radical attempt to bring the Soviet Union into the industrial age. In the name of Communism, Stalin seized assets, including farms and factories, and reorganized the economy. However, these efforts often led to less efficient production, ensuring that mass starvation swept the countryside. To mask the disastrous results of the plan, Stalin maintained export levels, shipping food out of the country even as rural residents died by the hundreds of thousands. Any protest of his policies resulted in immediate death or relocation to a gulag (a prison camp in the remote regions of the nation). The first Five Year Plan (1928–1932) was declared completed a year early and the second Five Year Plan (1933–1937) was launched with equally disastrous results. A third Five Year began in 1938 but was interrupted by World War II in 1941. While the efforts were unmitigated disasters, Stalin’s policy forbidding any negative publicity led to the full consequences of these upheavals remaining hidden for decades. To many who were not directly impacted, the Five Year Plans appeared to exemplify Stalins proactive leadership. Cult of Personality Joseph Stalin with a child who was later sent to a labor camp. Henry Guttmann Collection / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Stalin is also known for building an unprecedented cult of personality. Presenting himself as a paternal figure watching over his people, Stalins image and actions could not have been more distinct. While paintings and statues of Stalin kept him in the public eye, Stalin also promoted himself by aggrandizing his past through tales of his childhood and his role in the revolution. However, with millions of people dying, statues and tales of heroics could only go so far. Thus, Stalin made it a policy that showing anything less than complete devotion was punishable by exile or death. Going beyond that, Stalin eradicated any form of dissent or competition. No Outside Influences, No Free Press Not only did Stalin readily arrest anyone remotely suspected of having a different view, but he also closed religious institutions and confiscated church lands during his reorganization of the Soviet Union. Books and music that were not to Stalins standards were banned as well, virtually eliminating the possibility of outside influences. No one was allowed to say a negative thing against Stalin, especially the press. No news of the death and devastation in the countryside was leaked to the public; only news and images that presented Stalin in a flattering light were allowed. Stalin also famously changed the name of the city of Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad in 1925 to honor the city for its role in the Russian civil war. Second Wife and Family In 1919, Stalin married Nadezhda (Nadya) Alliluyeva, his secretary and fellow Bolshevik. Stalin had become close with Nadyas family, many of whom were active in the revolution and would go on to hold important positions under Stalin’s government. The young revolutionary captivated Nadya and together they would have two children: a son Vasily in 1921 and a daughter Svetlana in 1926. As carefully as Stalin controlled his public image, he could not escape the criticism of his wife Nadya, one of the few bold enough to stand up to him. Nadya often protested his deadly policies and found herself at the receiving end of Stalins verbal and physical abuse. While their marriage began with mutual affection, Stalins temperament and alleged affairs contributed greatly to Nadyas depression. After Stalin berated her particularly harshly at a dinner party, Nadya committed suicide on November 9, 1932. The Great Terror Despite Stalin’s attempts to eradicate all dissent, some opposition emerged, particularly among party leaders who understood the devastating nature of Stalin’s policies. Nevertheless, Stalin was reelected in 1934. This election made Stalin keenly aware of his critics and he soon began to eliminate anyone he perceived as opposition, including his most substantial political rival Sergi Kerov. Kerov was assassinated in 1934 and Stalin, who most believe was responsible, used Kerovs death to extol the dangers of the anti-communist movement and tighten his grip on Soviet politics. Thus began the period known as the Great Terror. Few leaders have culled their ranks as dramatically as Stalin did during the Great Terror of the 1930s. He targeted members of his cabinet and government, soldiers, clergy, intellectuals, or anyone else he deemed suspect. Those seized by his secret police would be tortured, imprisoned, or killed (or a combination of these experiences). Stalin was indiscriminate in his targets, and top government and military officials were not immune from prosecution. In fact, the Great Terror eliminated many key figures from the government. During the Great Terror, widespread paranoia reigned among citizens, who were encouraged to turn each other in. Those captured often pointed fingers at neighbors or co-workers in hopes of saving their own lives. Farcical show trials publicly confirmed the guilt of the accused and ensured that family members of those accused would remain socially ostracized—if they managed to evade arrest. The military was particularly decimated by the Great Terror since Stalin perceived a military coup as the greatest threat. With World War II on the horizon, this purging of the military leadership would later prove a severe detriment to the Soviet Union’s military effectiveness. While the estimates of death tolls vary greatly, the lowest numbers credit Stalin with killing 20 million people during the Great Terror alone. Beyond being one of the greatest examples of state-sponsored murder in history, the Great Terror demonstrated Stalins obsessive paranoia and willingness to prioritize it over national interests. Stalin and Hitler Sign a Non-Aggression Pact The non-aggression pact signed between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Hulton Archive / Getty Images By 1939, Adolf Hitler was a powerful threat to Europe and Stalin could not help but be concerned. While Hitler was opposed to communism and had little regard for Eastern Europeans, he appreciated that Stalin represented a formidable force and the two signed a non-aggression pact in 1939. After Hitler drew the rest of Europe into war in 1939, Stalin pursued his own territorial ambition in the Baltic region and Finland. Although many warned Stalin that Hitler intended to break the pact (as he had with other European powers), Stalin was surprised when Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, a full-scale invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Stalin Joins the Allies When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin joined the Allied powers, which included Great Britain (led by Sir Winston Churchill) and later the United States (led by Franklin D. Roosevelt). Although they shared a joint enemy, the communist/capitalist rift ensured that mistrust characterized the relationship. However, before the Allies could come help, the German army swept eastward through the Soviet Union. Initially, some Soviet residents were relieved when the German army invaded, thinking that German rule had to be an improvement over Stalinism. Unfortunately, the Germans were merciless in their occupation and ravaged the territory they conquered. Scorched Earth Policy Stalin, who was determined to stop the German army’s invasion at any cost, employed a scorched earth policy. This entailed burning all farms fields and villages in the path of the advancing Germany army to prevent German soldiers from living off the land. Stalin hoped that, without the ability to pillage, the German army’s supply line would run so thin that the invasion would be forced to stop. Unfortunately, this scorched earth policy also meant the destruction of the homes and livelihoods of Russian people, creating massive numbers of homeless refugees. It was the harsh Soviet winter that really slowed down the advancing Germany army, leading to some of the bloodiest battles of World War II. However, to force a German retreat, Stalin needed greater assistance. Although Stalin began to receive American equipment in 1942, what he really wanted was Allied troops deployed to the Eastern Front. The fact that this never happened infuriated Stalin and increased the resentment between Stalin and his allies. Nuclear Weapons and the End of the War Another rift in the relationship between Stalin and the Allies came when the United States secretly developed the nuclear bomb. The mistrust between the Soviet Union and the United States was obvious when the U.S. refused to share the technology with the Soviet Union, causing Stalin to launch his own nuclear weapons program. With supplies provided by the Allies, Stalin was able to turn the tide at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and forced the retreat of the German army. With the tide turned, the Soviet army continued to push the Germans all the way back to Berlin, ending World War II in Europe in May 1945. The Cold War Begins Once World War II ended, the task of rebuilding Europe remained. While the United States and the United Kingdom sought stability, Stalin had no desire to cede the territory he had conquered during the war. Therefore, Stalin claimed the territory he had liberated from Germany as part of the Soviet empire. Under Stalin’s tutelage, Communist parties took control of each country’s government, cut off all communication with the West, and became official Soviet satellite states. While the Allies were unwilling to launch a full-scale war against Stalin, U.S. President Harry Truman recognized that Stalin could not go unchecked. In response to Stalins domination of Eastern Europe, Truman issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947, in which the United States pledged to help nations at risk of being overtaken by communists. It was immediately enacted to thwart Stalin in Greece and Turkey, which would ultimately remain independent throughout the Cold War. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift Stalin again challenged the Allies in 1948 when he attempted to seize control of Berlin, a city that had been divided among the victors of World War II. Stalin had already seized East Germany and severed it from the West as part of his post-war conquest. Hoping to claim the entire capital, which was located entirely within East Germany, Stalin blockaded the city in an attempt to force the other Allies to abandon their sectors of Berlin. However, determined to not give in to Stalin, the U.S. organized a nearly year-long airlift that flew massive amounts of supplies into West Berlin. These efforts rendered the blockade ineffective and Stalin finally ended the blockade on May 12, 1949. Berlin (and the rest of Germany) remained divided. This division ultimately manifested in the creation of the Berlin Wall in 1961 during the height of the Cold War. While the Berlin Blockade was the last major military confrontation between Stalin and the West, Stalin’s policies and attitude toward the West would continue as Soviet policy even after Stalin’s death. This competition between the Soviet Union and the United States escalated during the Cold War to the point where nuclear war seemed imminent. The Cold War ended only with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Death Joseph Stalins body lying in state. Keystone / Getty Images In his final years, Stalin tried to reshape his image to that of a man of peace. He turned his attention to rebuilding the Soviet Union and invested in many domestic projects, such as bridges and canals—most, however, were never completed. While he was writing his Collected Works in an attempt to define his legacy as an innovative leader, evidence suggests that Stalin was also working on his next purge, an attempt to eliminate the Jewish population that remained in Soviet territory. This never came to pass since Stalin suffered a stroke on March 1, 1953, and died four days later. Stalin maintained his cult of personality even after his death. Like Lenin before him, Stalin’s body was embalmed and put on public display. In spite of the death and destruction he inflicted upon those he ruled, Stalin’s death devastated the nation. The cult-like loyalty he inspired remained, although it would dissipate in time. Legacy It took several years for the Communist party to replace Stalin; in 1956, Nikita Khrushchev took over. Khrushchev broke the secrecy regarding Stalin’s atrocities and led the Soviet Union in a period of de-Stalinization, which included beginning to account for the catastrophic deaths under Stalin and acknowledging the flaws in his policies. It wasn’t an easy process for the Soviet people to break through Stalin’s cult of personality to see the real truths of his reign. The estimated numbers of dead are staggering. The secrecy regarding those â€Å"purged† has left millions of Soviet citizens wondering the exact fate of their loved ones. With these new-found truths about Stalin’s reign, it was time to stop revering the man who had murdered millions. Pictures and statues of Stalin were gradually removed, and in 1961 the city of Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. Stalins body, which had lain next to Lenin’s for nearly eight years, was removed from the mausoleum in October 1961. Stalin’s body was buried nearby, surrounded by concrete so that it could not be moved again. Sources Rappaport, Helen. Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999.Radzinsky, Edvard. Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russias Secret Archives. New York: Doubleday, 1996.Service, Robert. Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2005.

Lower Legal Drinking Age Essays - 1249 Words

Since the states increased their drinking age to 21 in 1987, every citizen of this country between the ages of 18 and 20 have been oppressed by the very people elected to power to protect their rights. It is evident that the legal drinking age among Americans should be lowered to the legal age of adulthood, 18 years. At this age, any American can marry without their Parent’s approval and can move out of their guardian’s house and live on their own. Why are these adults deprived of their right to consume alcohol? A police officer unexpectedly arrived at a party where many young adults were drinking alcoholic beverages. He asked to see two young gentlemen’s identification to prove that they were of legal age to be consuming. Both were†¦show more content†¦Is it plausible to assume that these adults are going to just give up their civil liberties so easily? â€Å"An examination of East Carolina University students intentions regarding their behavior follow ing passage of the 21-year-age drinking law revealed that only 6% intended to stop drinking, 70% planned to change their drinking location, 21% expected to use a false or borrowed identification to obtain alcohol and 22% intended to use other drugs† (Hanson, â€Å"The Legal Drinking Age† par. 4). The current law is simply not feasible. It infringes upon millions of American’s constitutional rights while inadvertently increasing the amount of alcohol that is consumed, and offering a proposed solution that clearly will not be achieved. Others have proposed that it might be more acceptable and reasonable to allow people within the ages 18 and 20 to drink only when in the presence of their legal guardians, but this is obviously not realistic in the least. No parent can be held responsible for their son or daughter to any further extent when they become a legal adult. Changing the minimum drinking age to 18 is the only honest and justifiable resolution that will be re ached. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper’s intention is not to argue thatShow MoreRelatedThe United States Should Lower the Legal Drinking Age to Eighteen1930 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States’ minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of twenty one is almost a perfect example of a policy with unrealistic expectations and serious unintended consequences. The current policy that the United States has in effect criminalizes youth who consume alcohol at less than twenty one years of age. Young adults are going to drink under twenty one, so why shouldn’t the United States lower the MLDA to eighteen? Following Prohibition in 1933, many states made their MLDA twenty one. During theRead MoreIts Time To Lower the Legal Drinking Age Essay example2055 Words   |  9 Pagesthere have been many deaths due to alcohol. If it w ere not for the lack of education of alcohol abuse, many of the accidents could be prevented. The U.S’s biggest problem that Americans are facing is underage drinking. In our society we see many young teenagers that begin to drink at an early age of 10. They want to experience it without knowing the health risk factors that are associated with alcohol. There are many problems occurring because of alcohol abuse. In America the misuse of alcohol causesRead MoreWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pagesthat lower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking ageRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 Pagesthat binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the drinking age wi ll not stop binge drinking and the adverseRead MoreDo not Lower the Legal Drinking Age825 Words   |  3 Pagesinfringing on personal rights. It’s regarding whether the legal drinking age should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. This has been a huge controversy geared exclusively towards college students due to the fact that alcohol consumption at universities is the definitive part of campus life even though the greater part of students are not legally permitted to drink. It is apparent that through the regularity and risks of binge drinking across universities and the high percentage of DUI and alcoholRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pagestheir own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural a nd social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust because of many reasons. One of the most prominent reasons is that it is an ex-post facto law. The legal drinkingRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreBinge Drinking vs the Drinking Age Essays829 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 March 13, 2013 Binge Drinking VS the Drinking Age Presidents of college campuses around the nation face issues of underage drinking and binge drinking on a regular basis and realizes that it is a danger and a problem. â€Å"Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of death in the U.S., a major contributing factor to unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for youths and young adults, and accounts for an estimated 75,000 or more deaths in the United States annually† (WechslerRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be 18957 Words   |  4 Pages On the topic of the appropriate legal drinking ago, I stand firm on the belief that the legal drinking age should be 18. In every other aspect in America, an 18 year old person is considered an adult, legally and morally. So why aren’t these adults allowed to legally drink? 18 year old adults are permitted live on their own, vote, gamble, purchase cigarettes, and fight in a war. There is not denying the fact that teenagers are exposed to drinking prior to t heir 18th birthday, and many drinkRead MoreIncrease in the Legal Drinking Age870 Words   |  3 PagesAnother reason why the legal drinking age was changed is because of the fact that the adolescent brain is not fully developed; it is supposed that â€Å"excessive alcohol intake causes brain damage† in teens. However, in order for damage to occur, the drinking has to be extremely excessive. If there are only a few of these extreme bingeing â€Å"episodes,† they do no harm to the adolescent brain (Minimum Drinking Age). David J. Hanson, a professor at the University of New York at Potsdam, states, â€Å"There’s

Indigenous Health for Mixed Blood- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Healthfor Mixed Blood. Answer: Introduction The aboriginal people were the first Australians or the indigenous Australians who made their way in to the native land of Australia through the waterways. These people were found to be deep rooted to their culture or land and were found to have a strong spiritual connection. They would mostly gather their food from fishing and hunting habits. However, with the advent of the British in 1768, the aboriginal people had to go through a massacre. It resulted in a destruction of their race and culture by removing them forcibly out of the land, which once belonged to them. The aboriginal people had to lose their lands, which envisaged the beginning of a tumultuous civilization for them. The current assignment discusses the question pertaining to higher success rates of aboriginal people with mixed blood. Success rate of aboriginal people with mixed blood The current decade has seen higher number of people with mixed blood and with higher success rates. Statistical analysis and reports from the 2006 census have suggested that 52% of aboriginal men and 55% aboriginal women have parents from different nationalities. This provides a number of advantages to the Australian aboriginal people with mixed origin. The rates have been lower in indigenous Australians settled in the rural areas compared to the ones exposed to the city way of life. As commented by Sushames et al. (2016, p.129), the rate of cross-cultural exchange was more in the cities compared to the rural areas. This helped in the mixing of the people from different races along with the establishment of a new civilization. However, the rates were found to be low in Queensland, Western Australia and northern territory. As commented by Lobo et al. (2015, p.399), only aboriginal people with high qualifications were more prone to settle in the cities and were likely to marry within c ross cultures. A number of benefits as well as limitations were encountered by the mixed race aboriginal Australians. The mixed couple have been found to be in a better economic position than the indigenous Australians due to high qualifications and better job opportunities. As commented by Carlson (2016, p.29), the cross-cultural connections provides them with an upper hand in dealing with the cultural paradoxes and settling for more genuine and practical reasons. However as argued by Hickey (2016, p.51), difficulty in identifying with any one culture can often have a profound effect on their way of life. As commented by Currie et al. (2013, p.7), presence of traits of a particular genetic disease in one of the parents can result in serious health implications in the generations to come. However, the Australian aboriginal people with mixed blood have more chances of being successful in their career compared to others. This is because they have better exposure to the basic amenities in life such as health, education among other factors. As commented by Kelaher et al. (2014, p.45), such mixed people have better educational forums available to them which reciprocates into higher success rates. Moreover, they have a better health amenity, which provides them with better cope up and survival strategies. The question here analyses the factors contributing to the high success rates of the mixed culture aboriginal group. The question rightly pinpoints towards the various factors, which might play a contributory factor in the success rates of the aboriginal mixed culture groups. Some of the dominating factor includes better education and better job opportunities. However, the question provides a rather one-sided overview of the present discrimination culture within the Australian mainland. It fails to take into consideration the constitutional laws or arrangements which forms a basis for such discrimination. Social discrimination in aboriginal culture The Australians of aboriginal races have been exposed to social discrimination ever since the advent of the British. The advent of the British in the Australian mainland brought about a huge paradigm in the colonisation pattern. This resulted in development of fierce competition for possession of landmasses, which were previously inherited by the aboriginals earlier. The discrimination, being mainly racial or cultural discrimination, where an individual in wrongly treated due to belonging to certain area, region or religion. As mentioned by Bodkin-Andrews and Carlson (2016, p.802), the discrimination often have a negative effect on the minds of the people. Most of the time the discrimination was attributed to belonging to a certain culture or talking in a distinct language. The language often promulgates in huge communication gaps resulting in intensifying the cultural barriers (Scalley et al. 2013, p.530). People can internalise the negative comments resulting in the development of stress within an individual. The stress often has much more serious consequences such as depression and suicidal behaviours in an individual. As mentioned by Walter (2016, p.25), such depressive behaviour can often propagate an individual towards much more grave issues such as alcohol and drug use. A recent study conducted have highlighted that nearly 20% of the indigenous Australians have suffered severe forms of discrimination within the workplace and other social contexts (Levinson and Hooley, 2014, p.375). Exclusion/inclusion in Australian aboriginal culture The Australian aboriginal people faced a number of inclusion and exclusion principles, which often had a profound effect on their way of life. The social exclusion could be attributed to the presence of racial discrimination present within the society. The racial discrimination often resulted in the lack of sufficient opportunities to an individual in terms of health and education. As commented by Baldry and Cunneen (2014, p.280), the social exclusion can often result in the internalization of negative feelings within an individual. This resulted in the development of cultural stereotypes, which further affected the aspect of cross-cultural communication and exchange of knowledge. However, as argued by Currie et al. (2013, p.9), the mixed aboriginal culture had much better chances of social inclusion. This could be attributed rich cultural diversity, which provided with an upper hand in establishment of effective communication interface socially. The social inclusion can open up wider decision-making platform to the Australian aboriginal culture. This can help in improving their standards of life and overall well being of an individual. Indigenous disadvantage can often result in enhanced rates of poverty in the Australian aboriginal culture. Thus, wider inclusion policies implemented by the government further helped in meeting the cultural demands and requisites of the Australian aboriginal culture. Conclusion The current study focuses on the question of the high success rate in the mixed aboriginal rate. The question emphasizes upon the different benefits and challenges faced by the Australian aboriginal mixed breed of people. The study helped in evaluating that there are a number of factors responsible for providing a better socially inclusive platform to an individual. Evidence and reports have suggested that having one of the parents from a different cultural background can provide economic as well as social advantages to the indigenous social group. Thus, social acceptance is received more easily in the second case along with better health and educational facilities. Moreover, a cross-cultural exchange helps in removing the traditional myths and fears from the minds of the aboriginal people. However, the study fails to take into consideration the various loopholes present within the constitutional policies and reforms presented by the government. The reforms helps in identification of the different areas where there is a need to implement more equipped policies and frameworks. The betterment of life of the Australian aboriginal culture can be further guaranteed with the help of mainstream inclusion of the mixed classes. References Baldry, E. and Cunneen, C., (2014). Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,47(2), pp.276-298. Bodkin-Andrews, G. and Carlson, B., (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education.Race Ethnicity and Education,19(4), pp.784-807. Carlson, B., (2016). Positioning'part-Aboriginal'people.The Politics of Identity: Who counts as Aboriginal today?, p.29. Carlson, B., (2016). Quantifying Aboriginality by acculturation, adaptation and allegiance.The Politics of Identity: Who counts as Aboriginal today?, p.53. Currie, C.L., Wild, T.C., Schopflocher, D.P., Laing, L. and Veugelers, P., (2013). Illicit and prescription drug problems among urban Aboriginal adults in Canada: the role of traditional culture in protection and resilience.Social Science Medicine,88, pp.1-9. Hickey, S., (2016). Whats in a label: social factors and health issues for a small group of Aboriginal people born in Brisbane, Australia. Kelaher, M.A., Ferdinand, A.S. and Paradies, Y., (2014). Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities.The Medical journal of Australia,201(1), pp.44-47. Levinson, M. and Hooley, N., (2014). Supporting the learning of nomadic communities across transnational contexts: exploring parallels in the education of UK Roma Gypsies and Indigenous Australians.Research Papers in Education,29(4), pp.373-389. Lobo, R., Mascarenhas, L., Worthington, D., Bevan, J. and Mak, D.B., (2015). Evaluation of the regional nurse-supported hepatitis C shared care program in Western Australia: a mixed methods study.BMC health services research,15(1), p.399. Scalley, B., Gee, A., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Gilles, M., Jegasothy, E. and Thompson, S.C., (2016). Improving the management of acute coronary syndrome for Aboriginal and non?Aboriginal patients in a regional hospital.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(6), pp.529-534. Sushames, A., Uffelen, J.G. and Gebel, K., (2016). Do physical activity interventions in Indigenous people in Australia and New Zealand improve activity levels and health outcomes? A systematic review.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,13(1), p.129. Walter, M., (2016). Social exclusion/inclusion for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.Social Inclusion,4(1).