Diana Baumrind - 2963 Words

Diana Blumberg Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist that specializes in parenting styles. Baumrind was born on August 23, 1927 in a small Jewish community in New York City; she was the first of two daughters born to Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Baumrind earned a B.A. in philosophy at Hunter College in 1948. She later received her M.A. and Ph. D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkley; she studied developmental, clinical, and social psychology. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled â€Å"Some personality and situational determinants of behavior in a discussion group† Baumrind completed a clinical residency at the Cowell Memorial Hospital/Kaiser Permanente and was a fellow under the NIMH grant investigating†¦show more content†¦The teaching of Egon Brunswik who impressed upon her the importance of idiographic research also influenced her. The conformity research of Krech and Crutchfield also influenced her (Kurtines, 1992). Each of these different influences can be seen through different research projects and works of Diana Baumrind. Baumrind utilized something she learned from each of her influences to become the amazing psychologist she is today. Baumrind’s work on parenting styles is probably her most famous and important research. Back in the early 1960s, Baumrind conducted her famous childcare research. In her stuffy she and her research team followed more than 100 middle class children of preschool-age Baumrind’s primary research methods were interviews and observation. The aim of her child parent behavior study was to formulate and evaluate the effect of most typical Western parenting styles. The three parenting styles studied were the authoritarian parenting style, the permissive parenting style, and the authoritative parenting style. Her findings were ground breaking and the time and have since been subject to both academic acclaim and criticism. In her study Baumrind used two aspects of paren ting to evaluate and from her data the 3 parenting styles were defined in relation to those two elements. The two elements that she evaluated were parental responsiveness vs. parental unresponsiveness and parental demandingness vs. parentingShow MoreRelatedParenting: Diana Baumrind Theory648 Words   |  3 Pageschildren’s behavior. Diana Baumrind graduated in 1948 at the University of California. She earned an AB in philosophy and in psychology. A few years later she earned the MA for developmental, clinical, and social psychology in 1951 than a few years later earned a PhD in 1955.Diana worked at the Berkeley’s institute of human development. Diana Baumrind directed the socialization and developmental project. Later on in Diana’s career she focused a lot on the parental styles. Diana was really interestedRead MoreParenting Styles Diana Baumrind999 Words   |  4 Pageslives while parents serve as role models and have a influence on their growth which can influence them either in a positive or negative way. This paper discusses the four parenting styles Diana Baumrind identified through extensive observation, interviews and analyses. Based off research, Diana Baumrind in 1966 Baumrind published a ground-breaking article on parenting styles realized that a group of preschoolers had three different types of behaviors, each type of behavior was connected to a specificRead MoreVulnerable And Who Could Be Responsible For Failing The Children2137 Words   |  9 Pagesstop people far enough’, (BBC News, 2015). Developmental psychologist have been very interested in parent’s styles and how they impact on the development. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study, she put the study on 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967).However, Baumrind found that actual cause and the effect links between the action on parents and children’s behavior very difficult, as she could not see any links as most parents and children do most things differentRead MoreStanley Milgram vs. Diana Baumrind1671 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiment that test how far individuals would go in obeying orders, even if carrying out those orders caused serious harm to others. This experiment caused a lot of controversy and one woman in particular believed that this experiment was immoral. Diana Baumrinds Review of Stanley Milgrams Experiments on Obedience says that Milgram entrapped (329) his subjects and potentionally harmed his subjects mentally. Both authors are obviously concerned with ethics and validity but both see them in aRead MoreStanley Milgram vs. Diana Baumrind Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesin his paper, â€Å"The Perils of Obedience.† Milgram argues that people are far too obedient to authority without justified reason. According to this view, people follow orders far too easily because they are trained to obey. On the other hand, Diana Baumrind, in her response â€Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience argues that Milgram’s results were poorly tested and are therefore inaccurate. In her words, â€Å"The laboratory is not the place to study degree of obedience or suggestibility†¦sinceRead MoreThe Parenting Styles That Were Theorized By Diana Baumrind2491 Words   |  10 Pagesschool performance. The belief is that if parents adopt the correct parenting style when raising their children/adolescents, these children /adolescents can become academically proficient. There are three parenting styles that were theorized by Diana Baumrind. These are: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These parenting styles are believed to have associations in the social, moral, behavioral, and academic development of children/adolescent. Past studies have shown that there is an associationRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. inRead MoreStanley Milgram s Research On Obedience863 Words   |  4 Pagesquestions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics in her review. She decides that Milgram s tests are unethical towards the subjects and claims that his experiment is irrelevant to obedience. In contrast, Ian Parker, a writer for The New Yorker and Human Sciences, asserts Milgram’s experiments hold validity in the psychological world. Whil e Baumrind focuses on Milgram’s ethics, Parker concentratesRead MoreDeliberating Experiments on Obedience Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagescreated an experiment examining obedience. This experiment has been questioned by many psychology professionals. One psychologist Diana Baumrind transcribes her beliefs in the â€Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience.† Baumrind, when writing the review, was employed at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. In her review Baumrind denounces Milgram for his treatment of his subjects, potentially harming their self image. However, Ian Parker, a British journalistRead MoreMilgram vs. Baumrind920 Words   |  4 Pagesof obedience. One of his colleagues, Diana Baumrind, however, strongly disagreed with Milgram and has good reasons to criticize his experiment. She thought his experiment was unethical and very harmful to the social well-being of the participants. In her article, â₠¬Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience†, she castigated Milgram’s experiment and provided valid points as to why tests such as Milgram’s should not continue. Both Milgram and Baumrind are obviously concerned with values and

International Criminal Court An International Tribunal...

The International Criminal Court in Den Haag, known as the ICC is the first, and only, permanent international tribunal focused specifically on international crime. Originally established in 2002, the ICC was established with the responsibility of investigating, charging, and prosecuting individuals suspected of ordering or committing genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. ICC was established with the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in at a diplomatic conference in 1998. The Rome Statute is a treaty that called for the establishment of an international criminal court. This was not the first attempt to establish an international tribunal focused on international crime. To be sure, the first international criminal tribunals were established in Germany and Japan after World War II to prosecute Nazi and Japanese leaders suspected of genocide and war crimes. Moreover, in recent decades, a number of other international criminal tribunals were established after conflicts in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, East Timor, Cambodia and Lebanon (Luban et al. 2010). The purpose of the international criminal court called for in the Rome Statute, however, differs from all prior international criminal tribunals in a number of important aspects. First, whereas the other courts ended or will eventually end at some point in the future whe n there are no more cases to heard or issues to be resolved; as mentioned, the statute sought a permanent courtShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Hannah Arendt s The Eichmann Case Essay2287 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout time there have been many memorable trials of this century, but there has been one case that’s been more forward in the way that international cases should be organized, in the sense of who has the jurisdiction to try the case. The Eichmann case that Hannah Arendt discusses has many aspects that fit in the sense that Eichmann was not given a proper trial. Arendt provides this information by asking the questions of whether the case she is faced with should have been thought of as solelyRead MoreWhat Is The Crime Of Aggression Is International Law2469 Words   |  10 Pagesis the crime of aggression in international law Introduction The Rome Statute marked historic moments of consensus in international criminal law in 2002 as it entered into force. The first permanent international criminal Court (ICC) was established with the main aim of ending impunity, promoting judicial independency and reaffirming the position of the United Nations Charter (UNC). The mandate of the Court is to try individuals and to hold such persons accountable for the most serious crimes of concernRead MoreA war crime is an unjust act of violence in which a military personnel violates the laws and1100 Words   |  5 PagesA war crime is an unjust act of violence in which a military personnel violates the laws and acceptable behaviors of a war. Despite all the violence in a war, a soldier shooting another is not considered a war crime because it is not a violation to the laws and practices of a war, and it is considered just. A war crime is defined as a â€Å"violations [violation] of the laws and customs of war† (â€Å"War Crimes†), and are attacks â€Å"against civilian populations, prisoners of war, or in some cases enemy soldiersRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Film Judgment At Nuremberg780 Words   |  4 PagesThe film, Judgment at Nuremberg, was about the fates of four German judges in the Nuremberg Trials. They stood accused of committin g non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population, the Holocaust, and the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials. The film discussed how Germany was not at total fault due to the degradation of Germany and the hypocrisy and deceit from the destruction of the Allies. In the Palace of Justice courtroom, Judge Dan Haywood, the ChiefRead MoreReasons For Socio Economic Rights1515 Words   |  7 Pages 9.1.4 RQ4. Why are violations of socio-economic rights less susceptible to international criminalisation? The fourth research question relates to the reasons for socio-economic rights being less susceptible to international criminalisation. Socio-economic rights in international law as earlier defined in this research ‘include a variety of rights, such as: (i) the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work; to rest and leisure; to form and join trade unions and to strike; (ii)Read MoreInternational Law Changed During Post Wwii New World1576 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law profoundly changed in a post WWII new world order in which the world was forced to face one of the most disturbing and difficult conflicts in its history. Regions across all frontiers were affected by the spread of nuclear weapons, genocide, tyranny and other manmade strategies to deflect the stability and tranquility of a once calmer and more serene world. Institutions such as the United Nations were devised after the end of a war that convinced nations that what happens aroundRead MoreAf rican Of The International Criminal Court5912 Words   |  24 Pageshumanitarian law. This commitment is shown first in domestic contexts in which African states have used their own criminal law systems to prosecute war criminals, in special tribunals such as that in Sierra Leone, and in African states well-established commitment to the international criminal Court. African countries have been actively involved in the establishment of the International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute more than 20 years ago, since negotiation started for the creation of the ICC. AmongRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 Pagesfrustrated by social as well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other forms of deprivation. Deeply rooted in these twin observations are the beginnings of what today are called human rights and the national and international legal processes that are associated with them. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT The expression human rights is relatively new, having come into everyday parlance only since World War II, the founding of the United Nations in 1945,and the adoption byRead More International Relations Essay2632 Words   |  11 PagesThe first paradigm of international relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of self-interest and the balance of power. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed that national interest was based on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four levels of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The firstRead MoreFactors That Can Influence Justice in Americal2533 Words   |  11 Pagesconstitution of the United States and the Supreme Court help set laws and regulations of factors that influence America. Factors that can influence justice in America can vary in topic from race, crime, prisons, policing, even courts. Organized crime is one of the factors that can influence justice in America. Organized crime may be defined as systematically unlawful activity for profit on city wide, interstate, and even international scale. Crime organizations keep their illegal operations secret

Cheetah endangered species Essay Example For Students

Cheetah endangered species Essay The cheetah originated about 4 million years ago. The oldest fossils place it in what is now Texas, Nevada and Wyoming. It was common throughout Asia, Africa, Europe. All cheetah in Europe and most of those in Asia and Africa vanished. This bottleneck, as theorized, led to the present state of cheetah genetics: all cheetah alive today appear to be as closely related as identical twins. A unique factor of the cheetah is that it reaches up to speeds of 110 km/hr (68 Mph). African Cheetah (A. jubatus) red area Asiatic Cheetah (A. j. venaticus) green area Range today are now commonly found only in sub-Saharan Africa. Their range includes sparse sub-desert, steppe, medium and long-grass plains. They need bushes, tall grass and other large plants to hide from Two groups exist in wild populations: the family group and males. Males, often siblings, form a coalition of 2 or 3; rarely 1 will live alone. This coalition will live and hunt together for life and claims a range which may overlap several female territories. Males and females mix only to mate. The average life span of wild radio-collared female cheetahs is 6.9 years which compares to 11. 7 years for those in captivity. The niche is a top carnivore because it eats all the animals but is killed by A cheetah is carnivorous and eats a variety of small animals. While most cats are nocturnal predators, the cheetah is active in the day and not at night. Hunting in early morning and late afternoon. Dependent on sight rather than smell. It likes to stand on a tree limb and look over the aera around it. The cheetah suffocates most of its prey by closing its jaws about the animals windpipe and compressing. Smaller animals like hares are killed by biting through the skull and. Cheetah eat small antelope, the young of larger animals, as well as game birds and rabbits. Human excess is probably the major factor pushing the cheetah toward extinction. Too many people squeeze out other species by robbing them of living space and limiting their food supply. Also the cheetah and its skin were a symbol of wealth throughout recorded history. In 1900 there were about 100,000 cheetah worldwide. Present estimates place their number at 10 15 thousand with about 1/10 of those living in captivity. Namibia has the largest population of African cheetah about 2500. Smaller populations exist in Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania while 19 other countries have even fewer. Could provide as much as N$150,000 for monitoring and conservation of the Namibian cheetah under the NAPHA contract. Some breeding ground are the (CCF) cheetah conservation fund, Dickerson park zoo, Columbus zoo, and MN zoo. I think that my species should not be killed because it is a living thing and i dont think living things should be killed for now reason of for there featurs. Bibliography: .

Recovery from Alcoholism free essay sample

Examines Alcoholics Anonymous, atheistic/humanistic approach, cognitive behavioral therapy, intervention and the role of the media. This paper attempts to evaluate some current materials about the problem of alcohol abuse and to estimate how effective they are in educating and enlightening the public about this problem. This small selection represents merely a random sampling of the vast amount of information on this subject, which ranges from the committed to the skeptical, and from the intensely scientific to the frothy. An effort has been made to choose the more serious attempts to discuss this problem. At this time any discussion of alcoholism needs to begin with a discussion of Alcoholics Anonymous, whose program, which has spread around the world since its founding in 1935, is unarguably the most effective approach yet found for dealing with the age-old scourge of alcoholism, about which even the ancient Greeks made jokes. However, to say that it is the most effective is

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India Emperor Aurangzeb of Indias Mughal Dynasty (November 3, 1618–March 3, 1707) was a ruthless leader who, despite his willingness to take the throne over the bodies of his brothers, went on to create a golden age of Indian civilization. An orthodox  Sunni Muslim, he reinstated taxes and laws penalizing Hindus and imposing Sharia law. At the same time, however, he greatly expanded the Mughal empire and was described by his contemporaries as being disciplined, pious, and intelligent. Fast Facts: Aurangzeb Known For: Emperor of India; builder of the Taj MahalAlso Known As: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, AlamgirBorn: November 3, 1618  in Dahod, IndiaParents: Shah Jahan,  Mumtaz MahalDied: March 3, 1707  in Bhingar, Ahmednagar, IndiaSpouse(s): Nawab Bai,  Dilras Banu Begum,  Aurangabadi MahalChildren: Zeb-un-Nissa, Muhammad Sultan, Zinat-un-Nissa, Bahadur Shah I, Badr-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mehr-un-Nissa, Muhammad Kam BakhshNotable Quote: Strange, that I came into the world with nothing, and now I am going away with this stupendous caravan of sin! Wherever I look, I see only God...I have sinned terribly, and I do not know what punishment awaits me. (supposedly communicated on his deathbed) Early Life Aurangzeb was born on November 3, 1618, the third son of Prince Khurram (who would become  Emperor Shah Jahan) and the Persian princess Arjumand Bano Begam. His mother is more commonly known as Mumtaz Mahal, Beloved Jewel of the Palace. She later inspired Shah Jahan to build the Taj Mahal. During Aurangzebs childhood, however, Mughal politics made life difficult for the family. Succession did not necessarily fall to the eldest son. Instead, the sons built armies and competed militarily for the throne. Prince Khurram was the favorite to become the next emperor, and his father bestowed the title Shah Jahan Bahadur, or Brave King of the World, on the young man. In 1622, however, when Aurangzeb was 4 years old, Prince Khurram learned that his stepmother was supporting a younger brothers claim to the throne. The prince revolted against his father  but was defeated after four years. Aurangzeb and a brother were sent to their grandfathers court as hostages. When Shah Jahans father died in 1627, the rebel prince became Emperor of the Mughal Empire. The 9-year-old Aurangzeb was reunited with his parents at Agra in 1628. The young Aurangzeb studied statecraft and military tactics, the Quran, and languages in preparation for his future role. Shah Jahan, however, favored his first son Dara Shikoh and believed that he had the potential to become the next Mughal emperor. Aurangzeb, Military Leader The 15-year-old Aurangzeb proved his courage in 1633. All of Shah Jahans court was arrayed in a pavilion and watching an elephant fight when one of the elephants ran out of control. As it thundered toward the royal family, everyone scattered except Aurangzeb, who ran forward and headed off the furious pachyderm. This act of near-suicidal bravery raised Aurangzebs status in the family. The following year, the teenager got command of an army of 10,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry; he soon was dispatched to put down the Bundela rebellion. When he was 18, the young prince was appointed viceroy of the Deccan region, south of the Mughal heartland. When Aurangzebs sister died in a fire in 1644, he took three weeks to return home to Agra rather than rushing back immediately. Shah Jahan was so angry about his tardiness that he stripped Aurangzeb of his viceroy of Deccan title. Relations between the two deteriorated the following year, and Aurangzeb was banished from court. He bitterly accused the emperor of favoring Dara Shikoh. Shah Jahan needed all of his sons in order to run his huge empire, however, so in 1646 he appointed Aurangzeb governor of Gujarat. The following year, the 28-year-old Aurangzeb also took up the governorships of Balkh (Afghanistan) and Badakhshan (Tajikistan) on the empires vulnerable northern flank. Although Aurangzeb had a lot of success in extending Mughal rule north and westward, in 1652 he failed to take the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan from the Safavids. His father again recalled him to the capital. Aurangzeb would not languish in Agra for long, though; that same year, he was sent south to govern the Deccan once more. Aurangzeb Fights for the Throne In late 1657, Shah Jahan became ill. His beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal had died in 1631 and he never really got over her loss. As his condition worsened, his four sons by Mumtaz began to fight for the Peacock Throne. Shah Jahan favored the eldest son Dara, but many Muslims considered him too worldly and irreligious. Shuja, the second son, was a hedonist who used his position as governor of Bengal as a platform for acquiring beautiful women and wine. Aurangzeb, a much more committed Muslim than either of the elder brothers, saw his chance to rally the faithful behind his own banner. Aurangzeb craftily recruited his younger brother Murad, convincing him that together they could remove Dara and Shuja and place Murad on the throne. Aurangzeb disavowed any plans to rule himself, claiming that his only ambition was to make the hajj to Mecca. Later in 1658 as the combined armies of Murad and Aurangzeb moved north toward the capital, Shah Jahan recovered his health. Dara, who had crowned himself regent, stepped aside. The three younger brothers refused to believe that Shah Jahan was well, though, and converged on Agra, where they defeated Daras army. Dara fled north but was betrayed by a Baluchi chieftain and brought back to Agra in June 1659. Aurangzeb had him executed for apostasy from Islam and presented his head to their father. Shuja also fled to Arakan (Burma) and was executed there. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb had his former ally Murad executed on trumped-up murder charges in 1661. In addition to disposing of all of his rival brothers, the new Mughal Emperor placed his father under house arrest in Agra Fort. Shah Jahan lived there for eight years, until 1666. He spent most of his time in bed, gazing out the window at the Taj Mahal. The Reign of Aurangzeb Aurangzebs 48-year reign is often cited as a Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, but it was rife with trouble and rebellions. Although Mughal rulers from Akbar the Great through Shah Jahan practiced a remarkable degree of religious tolerance and were great patrons of the arts, Aurangzeb reversed both of these policies. He practiced a much more orthodox, even fundamentalist version of Islam, going so far as to outlaw music and other performances in 1668. Both Muslims and Hindus were forbidden to sing, play musical instruments, or to dance- a serious damper on the traditions of both faiths in India. Aurangzeb also ordered the destruction of Hindu temples, although the exact number is not known. Estimates range from under 100 to tens of thousands. In addition, he ordered the enslavement of Christian missionaries. Aurangzeb expanded Mughal rule both north and south, but his constant military campaigns and religious intolerance rankled many of his subjects. He did not hesitate to torture and kill prisoners of war, political prisoners, and anyone he considered un-Islamic. To make matters worse, the empire became over-extended and Aurangzeb imposed ever higher taxes in order to pay for his wars. The Mughal army was never able to completely quash Hindu resistance in the Deccan, and the Sikhs of northern Punjab rose up against Aurangzeb repeatedly throughout his reign. Perhaps most worryingly for the Mughal emperor, he relied heavily on Rajput warriors, who by this time formed the backbone of his southern army and were faithful Hindus. Although they were displeased with his policies, they did not abandon Aurangzeb during his lifetime, but they revolted against his son as soon as the emperor died. Perhaps the most disastrous revolt of all was the Pashtun Rebellion of 1672–1674. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, came from Afghanistan to conquer India, and the family had always relied upon the fierce Pashtun tribesmen of Afghanistan and what is now Pakistan to secure the northern borderlands. Charges that a Mughal governor was molesting tribal women sparked a revolt among the Pashtuns, which led to a complete breakdown of control over the northern tier of the empire and its critical trade routes. Death On March 3, 1707, the 88-year-old Aurangzeb died in central India. He left an empire stretched to the breaking point and riddled with rebellions. Under his son Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Dynasty began its long, slow decline into oblivion, which finally ended when the British sent the last emperor into exile in 1858  and established the British Raj in India. Legacy Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the Great Mughals. However, his ruthlessness, treachery, and intolerance surely contributed to the weakening of the once-great empire. Perhaps Aurangzebs early experiences of being held hostage by his grandfather and being constantly overlooked by his father warped the young princes personality. Certainly, the lack of a specified line of succession did not make family life particularly easy. The brothers must have grown up knowing that one day they would have to fight one another for power. In any case, Aurangzeb was a fearless man who knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend off foreign imperialism in the end. Sources Ikram, S.M, Ed. Ainslie T. Embree.  Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.Spear, T.G. Percival. â€Å"Aurangzeb.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 27 Feb. 2019.Truschke, Audrey. â€Å"The Great Aurangzeb Is Everybodys Least Favourite Mughal.†Ã‚  Aeon, 4 Apr. 2019.

Australian Social Class Essays

Australian Social Class Essays Australian Social Class Paper Australian Social Class Paper Life chances include access to resources such as lath, education, occupation, housing and health. An individuals opportunities to access such resources vary according to social classes. To illustrate the extent to which a persons social class impacts on his or her life chances in Australia, this paper will begin with an examination of social class, including the major theories behind the concept of class. Life chances will also be defined, as will inequality and social mobility within Australia. Finally, evidence on how social class (particularly socio-economic status) Impacts life chances will be considered. Social class can be described as the hierarchical grouping of Individuals based on their economic position. While Australia is often described as an egalitarian society that is free of class barriers, Holmes et al argues that The rhetoric of equality becomes incomprehensible when basic measurements of inequality are looked at in any detail (Holmes, Hughes, Julian 2006 p. 91). According to data gathered by the United Nations Development Program, Australia is the worlds fifth-most unequal developed nation. Between the mid sasss and mid sasss, incomes of the top 20% of earners grew four times faster than that of the bottom 20%. Mishmash 2009, The Age 16 Gauge 2009). A study by Andrew Leigh revealed that in the early 1 asss, a CEO In a top 50 company earned 27 times more than the national average; only a decade later it was 98 times more. While these figures represent significant inequality wealth Australia, Elegies study also revealed that the Inequality gap In accumulated wealth Is twice as wide as it is in take home pay (Mishmash 2009, The Age 1 6 Gauge 2009). The existence of class within Australia can be explained from various theoretical perspectives, most of which are based on the class theories of Marx and Weber. Marx identified a two-class model, including an upper / ruling class that own the means of production and a working class that provide the labor for the ruling class. Weber expanded on Mars theory with the addition of two middle classes and also identified other indicators of class from within the social order that are more transparent, such as status groups. ASPI defines status as a system in which people are ranked on the basis of the amount of honor, prestige or esteem they receive (ASPI 1996 pop) While status differences can Influence variations In lifestyle, ASPI argues that It Is class differences that Influence life chances. Socio-economic status refers to a combination of the dimensions of class and status, of which wealth Is a central determinant. Almost all class theories recognize the existence of a ruling class, middle class and working class in Australia, however there is now debate over the existence of an underclass, consisting of the permanently unemployed and low income earners. The upper class consists of the wealthiest 5-10% of the population, whose wealth comes from the control of property and capital. ASPI argues that those who own and intro the economic resources are in a position to make important decisions about their own lives and the lives of other people, and often therefore determine the life chances of others (ASPI 1996 p. 77). The middle class consists mainly of individuals with non manual occupations and can be broken down to include upper middle class (professions egg doctors, dentists, lawyers etc) and lower middle class (routine white collar Jobs). The working class has been distinguished by its non ownership of the means of production. According to Marx, their role is to provide labor power to the lulling class. Traditionally consisting of manual workers and consistent with low income, the inferior market situation of this class is reflected in life chances. According to Van Krieger et al, various studies have shown that manual workers are more likely to die younger, suffer from poor health, miss out on home ownership, be convicted of a criminal offence and have children that do not go on to higher education. Perhaps the key determinant of socio-economic status or social class is wealth. Referring to the total assets or property that a person possesses, ASPI argues that Wealth confers economic and social power; it provides security in times of unexpected expenditure and provides greater freedom of choice in everyday life (ASPI 1996, pop). It is wealth that enables the purchase of assets such as housing and allows access to educational and health facilities. Without these, life chances are inhibited. Evidence suggests that wealth is heavily concentrated in Australia. A 2002 HILLS survey revealed that the bottom half of the population own less than 10% of the total household net worth While the wealthiest 10% account for 45% of total household net worth (Headed, Marks, Wooden 2004 p. L). Wealth is strongly linked to inheritance, thus maintaining its concentration. Just as wealth is linked to inheritance, so too is poverty. According to Orgy Where persons starts in the income and wealth distribution curve has an important bearing on their life chances (Orgy 2006, Pl 7). A 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence found that those born into poverty have far higher instances of infant mortality, poor immunization against disease, higher risk of mental health problems, low birth weight babies and youth suicide (Scuttles Smyth, 2005 p ). Within Australia, evidence suggests that an individuals life chances are redundantly determined by his or her ascribed inequalities, such as gender, race and family background. In an a society with equality of opportunity it would be the achieved inequalities such as education, occupation and skills that would determine life chances, however as argued by ASPI He ascribed attribute of family background has a major influence on the education an individual will receive and on ten occupation en/seen wall enter, regardless AT ten telltales AT ten Uninominal (Aspen 1996, pop). The ascribed attribute of family background is a key determinant of social class. Social mobility refers to the ease and frequency by which indiv iduals can move up the social hierarchy to a higher class. Social mobility can occur either within an individuals lifetime (intra-generational mobility) or between generations (inter- generational mobility), and cab be used as a tool to measure the degree of equality within a society. In an egalitarian society, social mobility would be fluid. An individual born into a low social class would not necessarily remain stagnant within that class. This is not the case in most developed countries, including Australia. ASPI argues hat While it is possible in theory to move up the hierarchy, rags to riches stories are very rare and mobility is fairly limited (ASPI 1996, p. 72), while Orgy argues that there is a high degree of inter-generational transmission of poor social and economic outcomes in Australia (Orgy 2006, pop). There are several barriers inhibiting social mobility in Australia, resulting in a cycle of disadvantage for many. Such barriers include income and assets, employment, education, health and housing. The 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence revealed that educational opportunities have a significant impact on the lower class. Children born into the underprivileged areas are less likely to have access to pre- schools, less likely to achieve adequacy in literacy and innumeracy tests and more likely to begin and remain in lower paying vocations. Perhaps one of the more compelling examples originates from a study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales that states 25% of all early school leavers come from Just 5% of postcodes (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 17). Limitations on the lower classes to achieve wealth impacts their ability to provide adequate housing for their children. Scuttles and Smyth argue that a child raised without a secure home faces barriers to higher educational achievement and later Job security, which may lead to homeless raising families who in turn become homeless (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 5). There are significant inequalities within Australia, indicating the existence of a hierarchical class structure. Australian society consists of an upper class, a middle class and a working class, although there is also debate on the existence of an underclass. An individuals position within this class structure largely ultimately determines his or her life chances. Opportunities to achieve desirable life outc omes, including wealth, occupation, quality education, good health and housing differ between the social classes. A lack of social mobility in Australia means social class in Australia operates cyclically. Those born into economic disadvantage are not only likely to remain that way, but will also eventually pass on their economic circumstances to their offspring. Similarly, those born into higher socio-economic families are more likely to have access to quality education, achieve occupational success, acquire wealth, enjoy better health and produce offspring that will in turn share the same opportunities.

Technology and Issues with Modern Communication Essay

Technology and Issues with Modern Communication - Essay Example e benefits of modern technology to an effective communication, there are also four words that pose challenges that we should think about – Communication, Ubiquitous, Consequential, & Complex†. Today, the internet and mobile phones are one of the mostly used medium of communication as it provides real-time messages to be exchanged, not to mention the affordability of doing so. However, we can see a paradigm shift in the kind of messages we now create – from detailed sentences to communicate as sending letters would always put pressure on enveloping the whole message before sending it out because of the time it will take to get to the recipient and the cost, convenience we now enjoy with modern technology makes us shift to a conversational way of communicating (Thomas, M.). Thus, most of the time, we fail to establish the story or the purpose of a message and go directly to the main point which somehow fails to deliver the point to a recipient. The next challenge would be the ubiquitous & consequential quality of modern technology. We all know that technologies that aid us to communicate are universal. Everyone now has easy access to it. However, one downside to this would be the fact that everyone desires to get a hold of the faster gadget available with more features for a better exchange of messages without really taking time to get proper education on how to use it. Thus, increased spending, not getting the most of a certain gadget, and at the same time lessened person to person interaction is diminished because of the proliferation of social media. Also, modern technology being deemed to be consequential to the quality of life has a strong tendency to be merely an object that describes a status quo instead of being used as an instrument to establish lasting and sustainable peer interaction, friendships, and successful business transactions. Lastly, as with great power comes great responsibility, one of the downsides of modern technology would be the